React Hooks Notes

Reuse stateful logic between components (avoid wrapper hell in render props or HOC)
Split one complex component into smaller functions
Use more of React features without classes
Class components will read this.props too early or too late, because of mutable this in React (however props argument of function components is immutable), that says function components capture the rendered values. more details on Overreacted.

Hooks Types

从 React 内部 (Reconciler) 看, Hooks 可分为三类:
- State Hooks (useState/useReducer/useContext/useRef/useCallback/useMemo): 主要作用于 Reconciler.Render 阶段, fiber.pendingProps/memoizedProps/memoizedState/updateQueue.
- Effect Hooks (useLayoutEffect/useEffect): 在 Reconciler.Render 阶段设置 fiber.flags (effects flags), 主要作用于 Reconciler.Commit 阶段, 功能接近 ClassComponent.LifeCycle.
- Hybrid Hooks (useDeferredValue/useTransition/useId/useSyncExternalStore): State + Effect Hooks, 既保存状态, 又产生副作用.

interface Hook {
  // hook 保存的数据.
  memoizedState: any;
  // 本次更新以 baseState 为基础计算新的 state.
  baseState: any;
  // 本次更新开始时已有的 update 队列.
  baseQueue: Update<any, any> | null;
  // 本次更新需要增加的 update 队列.
  queue: UpdateQueue<any, any> | null;
  // 指向下一个 hook.
  next: Hook | null;
}

interface Update<S, A> {
  lane: Lane;
  action: A;
  hasEagerState: boolean;
  eagerState: S | null;
  next: Update<S, A>;
}

interface UpdateQueue<S, A> {
  pending: Update<S, A> | null;
  interleaved: Update<S, A> | null;
  dispatch: ((A) => mixed) | null;
  lanes: Lanes;
  lastRenderedReducer: ((S, A) => S) | null;
  lastRenderedState: S | null;
}

interface Effect {
  tag: HookFlags;
  create: () => (() => void) | void;
  destroy: (() => void) | void;
  deps: Array<mixed> | null;
  next: Effect;
}

type HookType =
  | 'useState'
  | 'useReducer'
  | 'useContext'
  | 'useRef'
  | 'useEffect'
  | 'useInsertionEffect'
  | 'useLayoutEffect'
  | 'useCallback'
  | 'useMemo'
  | 'useImperativeHandle'
  | 'useDebugValue'
  | 'useDeferredValue'
  | 'useTransition'
  | 'useMutableSource'
  | 'useSyncExternalStore'
  | 'useId'
  | 'useCacheRefresh';

Hooks Memoized State

FunctionComponent 内部所有 Hooks memoized state 组成 FunctionComponent Fiber memoized state.
FunctionComponent Fiber: fiber.memoizedState 指向第一个 Hook.

Hooks	Memoized State
useRef	`ref: { current }`
useMemo	`[nextValue, deps]`
useCallback	`[callback, deps]`
useState	`state`
useEffect	`effect: { tag, create, destroy, deps, next }`

Hooks Workflow

Reconciler.Render/Reconciler.Update: performUnitOfWork -> beginWork -> updateFunctionComponent -> renderWithHooks -> mountXXX/updateXXX/rerenderXXX -> reconcileChildren.
Reconciler.Commit:
- Update layout effect (useLayoutEffect):
  - Mutation phase: commitWork -> commitHooKEffectListUnmount -> effect.destroy.
  - Layout phase: commitLifeCycles -> commitHookEffectListMount -> effect.create.
- Update | Passive passive effect (useEffect):
  - Layout phase: commitLifeCycles -> schedulePassiveEffects, 收集 Effects.
  - scheduleCallback -> flushPassiveEffects -> effect.destroy -> effect.create.
- 只有 effect.tag 包含 HasEffect 时才会调用 effect.destroy 和 effect.create.
renderWithHooks:
- HooksDispatcherOnMount: mountXXX.
- HooksDispatcherOnUpdate: updateXXX.
- HooksDispatcherOnRerender: updateXXX/rerenderXXX.
mountXXX: mountWorkInProgressHook -> respective mount logic.
updateXXX: updateWorkInProgressHook -> respective update logic.

ReactReconciler/ReactFiberBeginWork:

function beginWork(
  current: Fiber | null,
  workInProgress: Fiber,
  renderLanes: Lanes
): Fiber | null {
  const updateLanes = workInProgress.lanes;

  switch (workInProgress.tag) {
    case FunctionComponent: {
      const Component = workInProgress.type;
      const unresolvedProps = workInProgress.pendingProps;
      const resolvedProps =
        workInProgress.elementType === Component
          ? unresolvedProps
          : resolveDefaultProps(Component, unresolvedProps);
      return updateFunctionComponent(
        current,
        workInProgress,
        Component,
        resolvedProps,
        renderLanes
      );
    }
  }
}

function updateFunctionComponent(
  current,
  workInProgress,
  Component,
  nextProps: any,
  renderLanes
) {
  const context = prepareToReadContext(workInProgress, renderLanes);

  // 进入 Hooks 相关逻辑, 最后返回下级 ReactElement 对象.
  const nextChildren = renderWithHooks(
    current,
    workInProgress,
    Component,
    nextProps,
    context,
    renderLanes
  );

  const hasId = checkDidRenderIdHook();

  if (current !== null && !didReceiveUpdate) {
    bailoutHooks(current, workInProgress, renderLanes);
    return bailoutOnAlreadyFinishedWork(current, workInProgress, renderLanes);
  }

  if (getIsHydrating() && hasId) {
    pushMaterializedTreeId(workInProgress);
  }

  // React DevTools reads this flag.
  workInProgress.flags |= PerformedWork;

  // 进入 Reconcile 函数, 生成下级 Fiber 节点.
  reconcileChildren(current, workInProgress, nextChildren, renderLanes);
  // 返回下级 Fiber 节点.
  return workInProgress.child;
}

ReactReconciler/ReactFiberHooks:

// 渲染优先级.
let renderLanes: Lanes = NoLanes;

// 当前正在构造的 Fiber, 等同于 workInProgress.
let currentlyRenderingFiber: Fiber = null;

// Hooks 链表被存储在 fiber.memoizedState:
// currentHook = fiber(current).memoizedState.
let currentHook: Hook | null = null;
// workInProgressHook = fiber(workInProgress).memoizedState.
let workInProgressHook: Hook | null = null;

// 在 FunctionComponent 的执行过程中, 是否再次发起了更新.
// 只有 FunctionComponent 被完全执行之后才会重置.
// 当 render 异常时, 通过该变量可以决定是否清除 render 过程中的更新.
let didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdate = false;

// 在本次 FunctionComponent 的执行过程中, 是否再次发起了更新.
// 每一次调用 FunctionComponent 都会被重置.
let didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdateDuringThisPass = false;

// 在本次 FunctionComponent 的执行过程中, 重新发起更新的最大次数.
const RE_RENDER_LIMIT = 25;

export function renderWithHooks<Props, SecondArg>(
  current: Fiber | null,
  workInProgress: Fiber,
  Component: (p: Props, arg: SecondArg) => any,
  props: Props,
  secondArg: SecondArg,
  nextRenderLanes: Lanes
): any {
  // Store context.
  renderLanes = nextRenderLanes;
  currentlyRenderingFiber = workInProgress;

  workInProgress.memoizedState = null;
  workInProgress.updateQueue = null;
  workInProgress.lanes = NoLanes;

  // Mount or Update hooks dispatcher.
  ReactCurrentDispatcher.current =
    current === null || current.memoizedState === null
      ? HooksDispatcherOnMount
      : HooksDispatcherOnUpdate;

  // 执行 FunctionComponent 函数, 执行 `useXXX`.
  let children = Component(props, secondArg);

  // Check if there was a render phase update
  if (didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdateDuringThisPass) {
    // Keep rendering in a loop for as long as render phase updates continue.
    // Use a counter to prevent infinite loops.
    let numberOfReRenders = 0;

    do {
      didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdateDuringThisPass = false;
      localIdCounter = 0;

      if (numberOfReRenders >= RE_RENDER_LIMIT) {
        throw new Error(
          'Too many re-renders. React limits the number of renders to prevent ' +
            'an infinite loop.'
        );
      }

      numberOfReRenders += 1;

      // Start over from the beginning of the list
      currentHook = null;
      workInProgressHook = null;
      workInProgress.updateQueue = null;
      // Rerender hooks dispatcher.
      ReactCurrentDispatcher.current = HooksDispatcherOnRerender;

      children = Component(props, secondArg);
    } while (didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdateDuringThisPass);
  }

  // Restore context.
  ReactCurrentDispatcher.current = ContextOnlyDispatcher;
  renderLanes = NoLanes;
  currentlyRenderingFiber = null;
  currentHook = null;
  workInProgressHook = null;
  didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdate = false;

  return children;
}

const HooksDispatcherOnMount: Dispatcher = {
  useCallback: mountCallback,
  useContext: readContext,
  useEffect: mountEffect,
  useImperativeHandle: mountImperativeHandle,
  useLayoutEffect: mountLayoutEffect,
  useInsertionEffect: mountInsertionEffect,
  useMemo: mountMemo,
  useReducer: mountReducer,
  useRef: mountRef,
  useState: mountState,
  useDebugValue: mountDebugValue,
  useDeferredValue: mountDeferredValue,
  useTransition: mountTransition,
  useMutableSource: mountMutableSource,
  useSyncExternalStore: mountSyncExternalStore,
  useId: mountId,
  unstable_isNewReconciler: enableNewReconciler,
  readContext,
};

const HooksDispatcherOnUpdate: Dispatcher = {
  useCallback: updateCallback,
  useContext: readContext,
  useEffect: updateEffect,
  useImperativeHandle: updateImperativeHandle,
  useInsertionEffect: updateInsertionEffect,
  useLayoutEffect: updateLayoutEffect,
  useMemo: updateMemo,
  useReducer: updateReducer,
  useRef: updateRef,
  useState: updateState,
  useDebugValue: updateDebugValue,
  useDeferredValue: updateDeferredValue,
  useTransition: updateTransition,
  useMutableSource: updateMutableSource,
  useSyncExternalStore: updateSyncExternalStore,
  useId: updateId,
  unstable_isNewReconciler: enableNewReconciler,
  readContext,
};

const HooksDispatcherOnRerender: Dispatcher = {
  useCallback: updateCallback,
  useContext: readContext,
  useEffect: updateEffect,
  useImperativeHandle: updateImperativeHandle,
  useInsertionEffect: updateInsertionEffect,
  useLayoutEffect: updateLayoutEffect,
  useMemo: updateMemo,
  useReducer: rerenderReducer,
  useRef: updateRef,
  useState: rerenderState,
  useDebugValue: updateDebugValue,
  useDeferredValue: rerenderDeferredValue,
  useTransition: rerenderTransition,
  useMutableSource: updateMutableSource,
  useSyncExternalStore: updateSyncExternalStore,
  useId: updateId,
  unstable_isNewReconciler: enableNewReconciler,
  readContext,
};

// 创建 Hook, 挂载到 Hooks 链表.
function mountWorkInProgressHook(): Hook {
  // hook 实例
  const hook: Hook = {
    memoizedState: null,
    baseState: null,
    baseQueue: null,
    queue: null,
    next: hookForB,
  };

  if (workInProgressHook === null) {
    // Fist hook in the list.
    currentlyRenderingFiber.memoizedState = workInProgressHook = hook;
  } else {
    // Append to the end of list.
    workInProgressHook = workInProgressHook.next = hook;
  }

  return workInProgressHook;
}

// 移动 Hooks 链表指针, 获取 workInProgressHook.
function updateWorkInProgressHook(): Hook {
  let nextCurrentHook: Hook | null;
  let nextWorkInProgressHook: Hook | null;

  if (currentHook === null) {
    const current = currentlyRenderingFiber.alternate;
    nextCurrentHook = current ? current.memoizedState : null;
  } else {
    nextCurrentHook = currentHook.next;
  }

  if (workInProgressHook === null) {
    nextWorkInProgressHook = currentlyRenderingFiber.memoizedState;
  } else {
    nextWorkInProgressHook = workInProgressHook.next;
  }

  if (nextWorkInProgressHook !== null) {
    // There's already a work-in-progress. Reuse it.
    workInProgressHook = nextWorkInProgressHook;
    nextWorkInProgressHook = workInProgressHook.next;
    currentHook = nextCurrentHook;
  } else {
    // Clone from the current hook.
    if (nextCurrentHook === null) {
      throw new Error('Rendered more hooks than during the previous render.');
    }

    currentHook = nextCurrentHook;

    const newHook: Hook = {
      memoizedState: currentHook.memoizedState,

      baseState: currentHook.baseState,
      baseQueue: currentHook.baseQueue,
      queue: currentHook.queue,

      next: null,
    };

    if (workInProgressHook === null) {
      // This is the first hook in the list.
      currentlyRenderingFiber.memoizedState = workInProgressHook = newHook;
    } else {
      // Append to the end of the list.
      workInProgressHook = workInProgressHook.next = newHook;
    }
  }

  return workInProgressHook;
}

function commitHookEffectListMount(tag: number, finishedWork: Fiber) {
  const updateQueue: FunctionComponentUpdateQueue | null =
    finishedWork.updateQueue;
  const lastEffect = updateQueue !== null ? updateQueue.lastEffect : null;

  if (lastEffect !== null) {
    const firstEffect = lastEffect.next;
    let effect = firstEffect;

    do {
      if ((effect.tag & tag) === tag) {
        const create = effect.create;
        effect.destroy = create();
      }

      effect = effect.next;
    } while (effect !== firstEffect);
  }
}

function commitHookEffectListUnmount(tag: number, finishedWork: Fiber) {
  const updateQueue: FunctionComponentUpdateQueue | null =
    finishedWork.updateQueue;
  const lastEffect = updateQueue !== null ? updateQueue.lastEffect : null;

  if (lastEffect !== null) {
    const firstEffect = lastEffect.next;
    let effect = firstEffect;

    do {
      if ((effect.tag & tag) === tag) {
        // 根据传入的 tag 过滤 Effects 链表.
        const destroy = effect.destroy;
        effect.destroy = undefined;

        if (destroy !== undefined) {
          destroy();
        }
      }

      effect = effect.next;
    } while (effect !== firstEffect);
  }
}

Minimal Hooks Implementation

const MyReact = (function () {
  const hooks = [];
  let currentHook = 0; // array of hooks, and an iterator!
  return {
    render(Component) {
      const Comp = Component(); // run effects
      Comp.render();
      currentHook = 0; // reset for next render
      return Comp;
    },
    useEffect(callback, depArray) {
      const hasNoDeps = !depArray;
      const deps = hooks[currentHook]; // type: array | undefined
      const hasChangedDeps = deps
        ? !depArray.every((el, i) => el === deps[i])
        : true;
      if (hasNoDeps || hasChangedDeps) {
        callback();
        hooks[currentHook] = depArray;
      }
      currentHook++; // done with this hook
    },
    useState(initialValue) {
      hooks[currentHook] = hooks[currentHook] || initialValue; // type: any
      const setStateHookIndex = currentHook; // for setState's closure!
      const setState = newState => (hooks[setStateHookIndex] = newState);
      return [hooks[currentHook++], setState];
    },
  };
})();

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = MyReact.useState(0);
  const [text, setText] = MyReact.useState('foo'); // 2nd state hook!
  MyReact.useEffect(() => {
    console.log('effect', count, text);
  }, [count, text]);
  return {
    click: () => setCount(count + 1),
    type: txt => setText(txt),
    noop: () => setCount(count),
    render: () => console.log('render', { count, text }),
  };
}

let App;

App = MyReact.render(Counter);
// effect 0 foo
// render {count: 0, text: 'foo'}

App.click();
App = MyReact.render(Counter);
// effect 1 foo
// render {count: 1, text: 'foo'}

App.type('bar');
App = MyReact.render(Counter);
// effect 1 bar
// render {count: 1, text: 'bar'}

App.noop();
App = MyReact.render(Counter);
// // no effect run
// render {count: 1, text: 'bar'}

App.click();
App = MyReact.render(Counter);
// effect 2 bar
// render {count: 2, text: 'bar'}

function Component() {
  const [text, setText] = useSplitURL('www.netlify.com');
  return {
    type: txt => setText(txt),
    render: () => console.log({ text }),
  };
}

function useSplitURL(str) {
  const [text, setText] = MyReact.useState(str);
  const masked = text.split('.');
  return [masked, setText];
}

let App;

App = MyReact.render(Component);
// { text: [ 'www', 'netlify', 'com' ] }

App.type('www.reactjs.org');
App = MyReact.render(Component);
// { text: [ 'www', 'reactjs', 'org' ] }}

UseState Hook

Read rendered props/state.
Return value of useState is ref to hooks[idx]: direct change to return value doesn't change state value.
Return function of useState (setState) is to change value of hooks[idx].
由于 setState 更新状态 (dispatch action) 时基于 hook.BaseState, setState(value + 1) 与 setState(value => value + 1) 存在差异.
当在 useEffect 中调用 setState 时, 最好使用 setState(callback) 形式, 这样可以不用再 Deps List 中显式声明 state, 也可以避免一些 BUG.
dispatchAction:
- 创建 Update 对象.
- 将 Update 对象添加到 hook.queue.pending 队列.
- 根据 reducerEagerState 与 currentState, 决定是否发起新的 Reconciler 调度.

UseState Hooks Dispatcher

function mountState<T>(initialState: T) {
  const hook = mountWorkInProgressHook();

  if (typeof initialState === 'function') {
    initialState = initialState();
  }

  // Setup Hook.
  hook.memoizedState = hook.baseState = initialState;
  const queue = (hook.queue = {
    pending: null,
    dispatch: null,
    lastRenderedReducer: basicStateReducer,
    lastRenderedState: initialState,
  });
  const dispatch = (queue.dispatch = dispatchAction.bind(
    null,
    currentlyRenderingFiber,
    queue
  ));

  // Return Hook state and dispatch action.
  return [hook.memoizedState, dispatch];
}

function updateState<T>(initialState: T) {
  const basicStateReducer = (state, action) => {
    return typeof action === 'function' ? action(state) : action;
  };

  return updateReducer(basicStateReducer);
}

function dispatchAction<S, A>(
  fiber: Fiber,
  queue: UpdateQueue<S, A>,
  action: A
) {
  // 1. 创建 Update 对象.
  const eventTime = requestEventTime();
  const lane = requestUpdateLane(fiber);
  const update: Update<S, A> = {
    lane,
    action,
    eagerReducer: null,
    eagerState: null,
    next: null,
  };

  // 2. 将 Update 对象添加到 hook.queue.pending 队列.
  const pending = queue.pending;
  if (pending === null) {
    // 首个 Update, 创建一个环形链表.
    update.next = update;
  } else {
    update.next = pending.next;
    pending.next = update;
  }
  queue.pending = update;

  const alternate = fiber.alternate;
  if (
    fiber === currentlyRenderingFiber ||
    (alternate !== null && alternate === currentlyRenderingFiber)
  ) {
    // 渲染时更新, 做好全局标记.
    didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdateDuringThisPass = didScheduleRenderPhaseUpdate =
      true;
  } else {
    if (
      fiber.lanes === NoLanes &&
      (alternate === null || alternate.lanes === NoLanes)
    ) {
      const lastRenderedReducer = queue.lastRenderedReducer;

      if (lastRenderedReducer !== null) {
        let prevDispatcher;
        const currentState: S = queue.lastRenderedState;
        const eagerState = lastRenderedReducer(currentState, action);
        update.eagerReducer = lastRenderedReducer;
        update.eagerState = eagerState;

        // 若在 Render 阶段, reducerEagerState === currentState,
        // 则可以无需再次计算状态, 跳过调度阶段, 后续直接使用 update.eagerState.
        if (is(eagerState, currentState)) {
          return;
        }
      }
    }

    // 3. 发起调度更新, 进入 Reconciler.
    scheduleUpdateOnFiber(fiber, lane, eventTime);
  }
}

Queueing series of state updates:

export function getFinalState(baseState, queue) {
  let finalState = baseState;

  for (const update of queue) {
    finalState = typeof update === 'function' ? update(finalState) : update;
  }

  return finalState;
}

UseState Hooks Usage

setState(prevState => {
  // Object.assign would also work
  return { ...prevState, ...updatedValues };
});

let newState = baseState;
const firstUpdate = hook.baseQueue.next;
let update = firstUpdate;

// setState(value + 1) 与 setState(value => value + 1) 存在差异
// 遍历 baseQueue 中的每一个 update
do {
  if (typeof update.action === 'function') {
    newState = update.action(newState);
  } else {
    newState = action;
  }

  update = reconciler();
} while (update !== firstUpdate);

import { useState } from 'react';

function Example() {
  // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count"
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  return (
    <div>
      <p>You clicked {count} times</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Click me</button>
    </div>
  );
}

import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';

function FriendStatus(props) {
  const [isOnline, setIsOnline] = useState(null);

  function handleStatusChange(status) {
    setIsOnline(status.isOnline);
  }

  useEffect(() => {
    ChatAPI.subscribeToFriendStatus(props.friend.id, handleStatusChange);

    return () => {
      ChatAPI.unsubscribeFromFriendStatus(props.friend.id, handleStatusChange);
    };
  });

  if (isOnline === null) {
    return 'Loading...';
  }

  return isOnline ? 'Online' : 'Offline';
}

// Mount with { friend: { id: 100 } } props
ChatAPI.subscribeToFriendStatus(100, handleStatusChange); // Run first effect

// Update with { friend: { id: 200 } } props
// Clean up previous effect
ChatAPI.unsubscribeFromFriendStatus(100, handleStatusChange);
ChatAPI.subscribeToFriendStatus(200, handleStatusChange); // Run next effect

// Update with { friend: { id: 300 } } props
// Clean up previous effect
ChatAPI.unsubscribeFromFriendStatus(200, handleStatusChange);
ChatAPI.subscribeToFriendStatus(300, handleStatusChange); // Run next effect

// Unmount
ChatAPI.unsubscribeFromFriendStatus(300, handleStatusChange); // Clean up last effect

UseReducer Hook

Use useState whenever manage a JS primitive (e.g. string, boolean, integer).
Use useReducer whenever manage an object or array.
It’s best to put states together in one state object when they conditionally dependent on each other (useReducer).
Using useReducer over useState gives us predictable state transitions. It comes in very powerful when state changes become more complex.

UseReducer Hooks Dispatcher

function mountReducer<S, I, A>(
  reducer: (S, A) => S,
  initialArg: I,
  init?: (I) => S
): [S, Dispatch<A>] {
  // 1. Create Hook.
  const hook = mountWorkInProgressHook();
  let initialState;

  if (init !== undefined) {
    initialState = init(initialArg);
  } else {
    initialState = initialArg;
  }

  // 2. Setup Hook.
  // 2.1 Set hook.memoizedState/hook.baseState.
  hook.memoizedState = hook.baseState = initialState;
  // 2.2 Set hook.queue.
  const queue = (hook.queue = {
    pending: null,
    dispatch: null,
    lastRenderedReducer: reducer,
    lastRenderedState: initialState,
  });
  // 2.3 Set hook.dispatch.
  const dispatch: Dispatch<A> = (queue.dispatch = dispatchAction.bind(
    null,
    currentlyRenderingFiber,
    queue
  ));

  // 3. Return Hook state and dispatch action.
  return [hook.memoizedState, dispatch];
}

function updateReducer<S, I, A>(
  reducer: (S, A) => S,
  initialArg: I,
  init?: (I) => S
): [S, Dispatch<A>] {
  // Get workInProgressHook.
  const hook = updateWorkInProgressHook();
  const queue = hook.queue;
  queue.lastRenderedReducer = reducer;
  const current: Hook = currentHook;

  // The last rebase update that is NOT part of the base state.
  let baseQueue = current.baseQueue;
  // The last pending update that hasn't been processed yet.
  const pendingQueue = queue.pending;

  // Append hook.queue.pending to current.baseQueue.
  if (pendingQueue !== null) {
    // We have new updates that haven't been processed yet.
    // We'll add them to the base queue.
    if (baseQueue !== null) {
      // Merge the pending queue and the base queue.
      const baseFirst = baseQueue.next;
      const pendingFirst = pendingQueue.next;
      baseQueue.next = pendingFirst;
      pendingQueue.next = baseFirst;
    }

    current.baseQueue = baseQueue = pendingQueue;
    queue.pending = null;
  }

  // Calculate Hook state.
  if (baseQueue !== null) {
    // We have a queue to process.
    const first = baseQueue.next;
    let newState = current.baseState;

    let newBaseState = null;
    let newBaseQueueFirst = null;
    let newBaseQueueLast = null;
    let update = first;

    do {
      const updateLane = update.lane;

      if (!isSubsetOfLanes(renderLanes, updateLane)) {
        // 优先级不够: 加入到 baseQueue, 等待下一次 render.
        const clone: Update<S, A> = {
          lane: updateLane,
          action: update.action,
          hasEagerState: update.hasEagerState,
          eagerState: update.eagerState,
          next: null,
        };

        if (newBaseQueueLast === null) {
          newBaseQueueFirst = newBaseQueueLast = clone;
          newBaseState = newState;
        } else {
          newBaseQueueLast = newBaseQueueLast.next = clone;
        }

        // Update the remaining priority in the queue.
        currentlyRenderingFiber.lanes = mergeLanes(
          currentlyRenderingFiber.lanes,
          updateLane
        );
        markSkippedUpdateLanes(updateLane);
      } else {
        // This update does have sufficient priority (优先级足够).
        // Merge state.
        if (newBaseQueueLast !== null) {
          // Update baseQueue
          const clone: Update<S, A> = {
            lane: NoLane,
            action: update.action,
            hasEagerState: update.hasEagerState,
            eagerState: update.eagerState,
            next: null,
          };
          newBaseQueueLast = newBaseQueueLast.next = clone;
        }

        // Process this update.
        if (update.hasEagerState) {
          // 性能优化:
          // If this update is a state update (not a reducer) and was processed eagerly,
          // we can use the eagerly computed state
          newState = update.eagerState;
        } else {
          // 调用 Reducer 获取最新状态.
          const action = update.action;
          newState = reducer(newState, action);
        }
      }

      update = update.next;
    } while (update !== null && update !== first);

    if (newBaseQueueLast === null) {
      newBaseState = newState;
    } else {
      newBaseQueueLast.next = newBaseQueueFirst;
    }

    // Mark that the fiber performed work,
    // but only if the new state is different from the current state.
    if (!is(newState, hook.memoizedState)) {
      markWorkInProgressReceivedUpdate();
    }

    // 把计算后结果更新到 workInProgressHook.
    hook.memoizedState = newState;
    hook.baseState = newBaseState;
    hook.baseQueue = newBaseQueueLast;
    queue.lastRenderedState = newState;
  }

  // Return Hook state and dispatch action.
  const dispatch: Dispatch<A> = queue.dispatch;
  return [hook.memoizedState, dispatch];
}

UseReducer Hooks Usage

Use useState if:

manage JavaScript primitives as state
have simple state transitions
want to have business logic within components
have different properties that don’t change in any correlated manner and can be managed by multiple useState hooks
state is co-located to your component
for a small application

Use useReducer if:

manage JavaScript objects or arrays as state
have complex state transitions
want to move business logic into reducers
have different properties that are tied together and should be managed in one state object
update state deep down in your component tree
for a medium size application
for easier testing
for more predictable and maintainable state architecture

function App() {
  const [state, dispatch] = useState({ count: 0 });

  // 等价于
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(
    function basicStateReducer(state, action) {
      return typeof action === 'function' ? action(state) : action;
    },
    { count: 0 }
  );

  // 当需要更新 state 时, 有 2 种方式:
  // 1. 直接设置:
  dispatch({ count: 1 });
  // 2.通过回调函数设置:
  dispatch(state => ({ count: state.count + 1 }));
}

const insertToHistory = state => {
  if (state && Array.isArray(state.history)) {
    // Do not mutate
    const newHistory = [...state.history];
    newHistory.push(state);
    return newHistory;
  }
  console.warn(`
    WARNING! The state was attempting capture but something went wrong.
    Please check if the state is controlled correctly.
  `);
  return state.history || [];
};

const reducer = (state, action) => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'set-theme':
      return { ...state, theme: action.theme, history: insertToHistory(state) };
    case 'add-friend':
      return {
        ...state,
        friends: [...state.friends, action.friend],
        history: insertToHistory(state),
      };
    case 'undo': {
      const isEmpty = !state.history.length;
      if (isEmpty) return state;
      return { ...state.history[state.history.length - 1] };
    }
    case 'reset':
      return { ...initialState, history: insertToHistory(state) };
    default:
      return state;
  }
};

const App = () => {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState);
  return <div>App</div>;
};

UseMemo Hook

Returns a memoized value.
Only recompute the memoized value when one of the dependencies has changed.
Shallow compare diff.
Optimization helps to avoid expensive calculations on every render (avoid re-render problem):
- Good use for complex objects or expensive calculations.
- Donn't use for primitive values or simple calculations.

UseMemo Hooks Dispatcher

function mountMemo<T>(
  nextCreate: () => T,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): T {
  const hook = mountWorkInProgressHook();
  const nextDeps = deps === undefined ? null : deps;
  const nextValue = nextCreate();
  hook.memoizedState = [nextValue, nextDeps];
  return nextValue;
}

function updateMemo<T>(
  nextCreate: () => T,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): T {
  const hook = updateWorkInProgressHook();
  const nextDeps = deps === undefined ? null : deps;
  const prevState = hook.memoizedState;

  if (prevState !== null) {
    if (nextDeps !== null) {
      const prevDeps: Array<mixed> | null = prevState[1];

      if (areHookInputsEqual(nextDeps, prevDeps)) {
        return prevState[0];
      }
    }
  }

  const nextValue = nextCreate();
  hook.memoizedState = [nextValue, nextDeps];
  return nextValue;
}

UseMemo Hooks Usage

const Button = ({ color, children }) => {
  const textColor = useMemo(
    () => slowlyCalculateTextColor(color),
    [color] // ✅ Don’t recalculate until `color` changes
  );

  return (
    <button className={`Button-${color} Button-text-${textColor}`}>
      {children}
    </button>
  );
};

UseCallback Hook

Returns a memoized callback.
对事件句柄进行缓存, useState 的第二个返回值是 dispatch, 但是每次都是返回新的函数, 使用 useCallback, 可以让它使用上次的函数. 在虚拟 DOM 更新过程中, 如果事件句柄相同, 那么就不用每次都进行 removeEventListener 与 addEventListener.
useCallback(fn, deps) is equivalent to useMemo(() => fn, deps).

UseCallback Hooks Dispatcher

function mountCallback<T>(callback: T, deps: Array<mixed> | void | null): T {
  const hook = mountWorkInProgressHook();
  const nextDeps = deps === undefined ? null : deps;
  hook.memoizedState = [callback, nextDeps];
  return callback;
}

function updateCallback<T>(callback: T, deps: Array<mixed> | void | null): T {
  const hook = updateWorkInProgressHook();
  const nextDeps = deps === undefined ? null : deps;
  const prevState = hook.memoizedState;

  if (prevState !== null) {
    if (nextDeps !== null) {
      const prevDeps: Array<mixed> | null = prevState[1];

      if (areHookInputsEqual(nextDeps, prevDeps)) {
        return prevState[0];
      }
    }
  }

  hook.memoizedState = [callback, nextDeps];
  return callback;
}

UseCallback Hooks Usage

function Parent() {
  const [query, setQuery] = useState('react');

  // ✅ Preserves identity until query changes
  const fetchData = useCallback(() => {
    const url = `https://hn.algolia.com/api/v1/search?query=${query}`;
    // ... Fetch data and return it ...
  }, [query]); // ✅ Callback deps are OK

  return <Child fetchData={fetchData} />;
}

function Child({ fetchData }) {
  const [data, setData] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    fetchData().then(setData);
  }, [fetchData]); // ✅ Effect deps are OK

  // ...
}

UseRef Hook

UseRef Hooks Dispatcher

function mountRef<T>(initialValue: T) {
  const hook = mountWorkInProgressHook();
  const ref = {
    current: initialValue,
  };
  Object.seal(ref);
  hook.memoizedState = ref;
  return ref;
}

function updateRef<T>(initialValue: T) {
  const hook = updateWorkInProgressHook();
  return hook.memoizedState;
}

Refs Features

Mutable Value: useRef() is useful for for keeping any mutable value around. Updating reference values inside handlers/useEffect callbacks is good, updating reference values during rendering (outside callbacks) is bad.
Lifecycle Persisted Value: useRef() creates a plain JavaScript object, is persisted (stays the same) between component re-renderings.
Silent Value: update reference values don't trigger re-renderings.
Latest Value: useRef() read rendered props/state from the future. It's good to get latest value of a particular prop or state (the updated reference value is available right away).

function Example() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  const latestCount = useRef(count);

  useEffect(() => {
    // Set the mutable latest value
    latestCount.current = count;
    setTimeout(() => {
      // Read the mutable latest value
      console.log(`You clicked ${latestCount.current} times`);
    }, 3000);
  });

  return <div>Example</div>;
}

Refs Update Mechanism

Update a ref, no re-renderings happens.
Update a state, the deep rendering mechanism works to re-render components.
Store values in refs and have them updated, which is more efficient than useState (which can be expensive) when the values are to be updated multiple times within a second.

function UserAvatar(props) {
  return <img src={props.src} alt="User Avatar" />;
}

function Username(props) {
  return <span>{props.name}</span>;
}

function User() {
  const user = useRef({
    name: 'UserName',
    avatarURL: 'https://avatar.com/avatar',
  });

  useEffect(() => {
    setTimeout(() => {
      user.current = {
        name: 'NewUserName',
        avatarURL: 'https://avatar.com/newavatar',
      };
    }, 5000);
  });

  // Only output once
  console.log('Rendered.');

  // Both children won't be re-rendered
  // due to shallow rendering mechanism
  return (
    <div>
      <Username name={user.name} />
      <UserAvatar src={user.avatarURL} />
    </div>
  );
}

Refs Usage

If your component needs to store some value, but it doesn’t impact the rendering logic, choose refs:

Storing timeout IDs.
Storing and manipulating DOM elements (binding to HTMLElement).
Storing other objects that aren’t necessary to calculate the JSX: work with external systems or browser APIs.
ref can either be a state that does not need to change too often.
ref can either be a state that should change as frequently as possible but should not trigger full re-rendering of the component.

import { useRef, useState } from 'react';

export default function Stopwatch() {
  const [startTime, setStartTime] = useState(null);
  const [now, setNow] = useState(null);
  const intervalRef = useRef(null);

  function handleStart() {
    setStartTime(Date.now());
    setNow(Date.now());

    clearInterval(intervalRef.current);
    intervalRef.current = setInterval(() => {
      setNow(Date.now());
    }, 10);
  }

  function handleStop() {
    clearInterval(intervalRef.current);
  }

  let secondsPassed = 0;
  if (startTime != null && now != null) {
    secondsPassed = (now - startTime) / 1000;
  }

  return (
    <>
      <h1>Time passed: {secondsPassed.toFixed(3)}</h1>
      <button onClick={handleStart}>Start</button>
      <button onClick={handleStop}>Stop</button>
    </>
  );
}

import { forwardRef, useImperativeHandle, useRef } from 'react';

const MyInput = forwardRef((props, ref) => {
  const realInputRef = useRef(null);
  useImperativeHandle(ref, () => ({
    // Only expose focus and nothing else
    focus() {
      realInputRef.current.focus();
    },
  }));
  return <input {...props} ref={realInputRef} />;
});

export default function Form() {
  const inputRef = useRef(null);

  function handleClick() {
    inputRef.current.focus();
  }

  return (
    <>
      <MyInput ref={inputRef} />
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Focus the input</button>
    </>
  );
}

UseContext Hook

Create custom XXXContextProvider: 一般都不会裸露地使用 Context.Provider, 而是封装为独立的 Provider 组件, 将子组件作为 props.children 传入, 这样当 Context 变化时 Provider 不会重新渲染它的子组件, 由依赖了 context 的子组件自己进行重渲染, 未依赖的子组件不会重新渲染. 使用 useMemo 使得 value 不会导致不必要的重复渲染 (Re-rendering).
Create custom useXXXContext hook:
Check whether component under XXXContextProvider.
Wrap complex context logic and only expose simple API (Facade design pattern).
Use useMemo/useCallback to memorize values and functions.
Context 中只定义被大多数组件所共用的属性, use context to avoid Prop Drilling.

UseContext Hooks Dispatcher

HooksDispatcherOnMount.useContext = readContext.
HooksDispatcherOnUpdate.useContext = readContext.
HooksDispatcherOnRerender.useContext = readContext.

export function createContext<T>(
  defaultValue: T,
  calculateChangedBits: ?((a: T, b: T) => number)
): ReactContext<T> {
  if (calculateChangedBits === undefined) {
    calculateChangedBits = null;
  }

  const context: ReactContext<T> = {
    $$typeof: REACT_CONTEXT_TYPE,
    _calculateChangedBits: calculateChangedBits,
    _currentValue: defaultValue,
    _currentValue2: defaultValue,
    _threadCount: 0,
    Provider: null,
    Consumer: null,
  };
  context.Provider = {
    $$typeof: REACT_PROVIDER_TYPE,
    _context: context,
  };
  context.Consumer = context;
  return context;
}

function beginWork(
  current: Fiber | null,
  workInProgress: Fiber,
  renderLanes: Lanes
): Fiber | null {
  const updateLanes = workInProgress.lanes;
  workInProgress.lanes = NoLanes;

  switch (workInProgress.tag) {
    case ContextProvider:
      return updateContextProvider(current, workInProgress, renderLanes);
    case ContextConsumer:
      return updateContextConsumer(current, workInProgress, renderLanes);
  }
}

function updateContextProvider(
  current: Fiber | null,
  workInProgress: Fiber,
  renderLanes: Lanes
) {
  const providerType: ReactProviderType<any> = workInProgress.type;
  const context: ReactContext<any> = providerType._context;

  const newProps = workInProgress.pendingProps;
  const oldProps = workInProgress.memoizedProps;
  const newValue = newProps.value; // <Provider value={}>{children}</Provider>

  // 更新 ContextProvider._currentValue:
  // workInProgress.type._context._currentValue = newValue;
  pushProvider(workInProgress, newValue);

  if (oldProps !== null) {
    // 更新阶段.
    // 对比 newValue 和 oldValue
    const oldValue = oldProps.value;
    const changedBits = calculateChangedBits(context, newValue, oldValue);

    if (changedBits === 0) {
      // value 没有变动, 进入 Bailout 逻辑.
      if (
        oldProps.children === newProps.children &&
        !hasLegacyContextChanged()
      ) {
        return bailoutOnAlreadyFinishedWork(
          current,
          workInProgress,
          renderLanes
        );
      }
    } else {
      // value变动, 查找对应的 Consumers, 并使其能够被更新.
      // 向下遍历:
      // 从 ContextProvider 节点开始,
      // 向下查找所有 fiber.dependencies 依赖该 context 的节点.
      // 向上遍历:
      // 从 ContextConsumer 节点开始,
      // 向上遍历, 修改父路径上所有节点的 fiber.childLanes 属性, 表明其子节点有改动, 子节点会进入更新逻辑.
      propagateContextChange(workInProgress, context, changedBits, renderLanes);
    }
  }

  // 生成下级 Fiber.
  const newChildren = newProps.children;
  reconcileChildren(current, workInProgress, newChildren, renderLanes);
  return workInProgress.child;
}

function updateContextConsumer(
  current: Fiber | null,
  workInProgress: Fiber,
  renderLanes: Lanes
) {
  const context: ReactContext<any> = workInProgress.type;
  const newProps = workInProgress.pendingProps;
  const render = newProps.children;

  // 读取 context.
  prepareToReadContext(workInProgress, renderLanes);
  const newValue = readContext(context, newProps.unstable_observedBits);

  // 生成下级 Fiber.
  const newChildren = render(newValue);
  reconcileChildren(current, workInProgress, newChildren, renderLanes);
  return workInProgress.child;
}

function prepareToReadContext(workInProgress: Fiber, renderLanes: Lanes): void {
  // Setup.
  currentlyRenderingFiber = workInProgress;
  lastContextDependency = null;
  lastContextWithAllBitsObserved = null;
  const dependencies = workInProgress.dependencies;

  if (dependencies !== null) {
    const firstContext = dependencies.firstContext;

    if (firstContext !== null) {
      if (includesSomeLane(dependencies.lanes, renderLanes)) {
        // Context list has a pending update.
        // Mark that this fiber performed work.
        markWorkInProgressReceivedUpdate();
      }

      // Reset the work-in-progress list
      dependencies.firstContext = null;
    }
  }
}

function readContext<T>(
  context: ReactContext<T>,
  observedBits: void | number | boolean
): T {
  const contextItem = {
    context: context as ReactContext<mixed>,
    observedBits: resolvedObservedBits,
    next: null,
  };

  // 1. 构造一个 contextItem, 加入到 workInProgress.dependencies 链表.
  if (lastContextDependency === null) {
    lastContextDependency = contextItem;
    currentlyRenderingFiber.dependencies = {
      lanes: NoLanes,
      firstContext: contextItem,
      responders: null,
    };
  } else {
    lastContextDependency = lastContextDependency.next = contextItem;
  }

  // 2. 返回 currentValue.
  return isPrimaryRenderer ? context._currentValue : context._currentValue2;
}

UseContext Hooks Usage

import React, {
  createContext,
  useCallback,
  useContext,
  useMemo,
  useState,
} from 'react';

const CountContext = createContext();

function CountProvider(props) {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  // Use `useMemo`/`useCallback` to memorize values and functions.
  const value = useMemo(() => {
    return {
      count,
      setCount,
    };
  }, [count, setCount]);

  return <CountContext.Provider value={value} {...props} />;
}

function useCount() {
  const context = useContext(CountContext);

  // Check whether component under `XXXContextProvider`.
  if (!context) {
    throw new Error('useCount must be used within a CountProvider');
  }

  // Wrap complex context logic, only expose simple API.
  const { count, setCount } = context;
  const increment = useCallback(() => setCount(c => c + 1), [setCount]);

  return {
    count,
    increment,
  };
}

export { CountProvider, useCount };

UseEffect Hook

UseEffect Hooks Dispatcher

function mountEffect(
  create: () => (() => void) | void,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): void {
  return mountEffectImpl(
    UpdateEffect | PassiveEffect,
    HookPassive,
    create,
    deps
  );
}

function mountEffectImpl(fiberFlags, hookFlags, create, deps) {
  const hook = mountWorkInProgressHook();
  const nextDeps = deps === undefined ? null : deps;
  currentlyRenderingFiber.flags |= fiberFlags; // UpdateEffect | PassiveEffect.
  hook.memoizedState = pushEffect(
    HasEffect | hookFlags, // PassiveHook.
    create,
    undefined,
    nextDeps
  );
}

function updateEffect(
  create: () => (() => void) | void,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): void {
  return updateEffectImpl(PassiveEffect, HookPassive, create, deps);
}

function updateEffectImpl(fiberFlags, hookFlags, create, deps) {
  const hook = updateWorkInProgressHook();
  const nextDeps = deps === undefined ? null : deps;
  let destroy;

  if (currentHook !== null) {
    const prevEffect = currentHook.memoizedState;
    destroy = prevEffect.destroy;

    if (nextDeps !== null) {
      const prevDeps = prevEffect.deps;

      if (areHookInputsEqual(nextDeps, prevDeps)) {
        // 如果依赖不变, 新建 Effect (tag 不含 HookHasEffect).
        // Reconciler.Commit 阶段会跳过此 Effect.
        pushEffect(hookFlags, create, destroy, nextDeps);
        return;
      }
    }
  }

  // 如果依赖改变, 更改 fiber.flags, 新建 Effect.
  // Reconciler.Commit 阶段会再次执行此 Effect.
  currentlyRenderingFiber.flags |= fiberFlags;
  hook.memoizedState = pushEffect(
    HasEffect | hookFlags,
    create,
    destroy,
    nextDeps
  );
}

function pushEffect(tag, create, destroy, deps) {
  const effect = {
    tag,
    create, // User code: effect callback.
    destroy, // User code: destroy callback.
    deps, // User code: deps list.
    next: null,
  };

  let componentUpdateQueue = currentlyRenderingFiber.updateQueue;

  if (componentUpdateQueue === null) {
    componentUpdateQueue = createFunctionComponentUpdateQueue();
    currentlyRenderingFiber.updateQueue = componentUpdateQueue;
    componentUpdateQueue.lastEffect = effect.next = effect;
  } else {
    const lastEffect = componentUpdateQueue.lastEffect;

    if (lastEffect === null) {
      componentUpdateQueue.lastEffect = effect.next = effect;
    } else {
      // Circular effect list.
      const firstEffect = lastEffect.next;
      lastEffect.next = effect;
      effect.next = firstEffect;
      componentUpdateQueue.lastEffect = effect;
    }
  }

  return effect;
}

UseEffect Lifecycle

React renders UI for current props/state to screen.
React cleans up the effect for prev props/state.
React runs the effect for current props/state (useEffect got invoked after componentDidMount).

UseEffect Nasty Loop

The effect hook runs when the component mounts but also when the component updates. Because we are setting the state after every data fetch, the component updates and the effect runs again. It fetches the data again and again. That’s a bug and needs to be avoided.

UseEffect Deps List

无论是将组件编写为类还是函数, 都必须为 effect 响应所有 props 和 state 的更新 (Reactive Value). 在传统的 Class Component, 需要编写代码去检测这些 props 和 state 是否变更 (shouldComponentUpdate, componentDidUpdate). 在 Function Component, 借助 useEffect 可以实现自动检测.

If one of deps list changes, the hook runs again. Provide empty array as second argument to the effect hook to avoid activating it on component updates but only for the mounting of the component. For listeners binding, use [] deps list should be better.

set function returned from useState and ref object returned by useRef are Stable Value, omit them from deps list.

Primitive values are better:

function ChatRoom({ options }) {
  const [message, setMessage] = useState('');
  const { roomId, serverUrl } = options;

  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = createConnection({
      roomId,
      serverUrl,
    });
    connection.connect();
    return () => connection.disconnect();
  }, [roomId, serverUrl]); // ✅ All dependencies declared
}

Functions in useEffect:

If only use some functions inside an effect, move them directly into that effect.
Hoisting functions that don’t need props or state outside of component, and pull the ones that are used only by an effect inside of that effect.
For useCallback function, it should be in deps list useEffect(() => {}, [callback])

// https://www.robinwieruch.de/react-hooks-fetch-data
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';

const useDataApi = (initialUrl, initialData) => {
  const [data, setData] = useState(initialData);
  const [url, setUrl] = useState(initialUrl);
  const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false);
  const [isError, setIsError] = useState(false);

  useEffect(() => {
    const fetchData = async () => {
      setIsError(false);
      setIsLoading(true);

      try {
        const result = await axios(url);

        setData(result.data);
      } catch (error) {
        setIsError(true);
      }

      setIsLoading(false);
    };

    fetchData();
  }, [url]);

  const doFetch = url => {
    setUrl(url);
  };

  return { data, isLoading, isError, doFetch };
};

UseEffect Closure

useEffect Hook 会丢弃上一次渲染结果, 它会清除上一次 effect, 再建立下一个 effect (也会创建新的 Closure), 下一个 effect 锁住新的 props 和 state (整个 Counter 函数在 re-render 时会被重复调用一次).
setInterval 不会丢弃上一次结果, 会引用旧状态 Closure 中的变量, 导致其与 useEffect 所预期行为不一致.
可以通过 useRef 解决这一现象: get latest value.

// BUG
function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  useEffect(() => {
    const id = setInterval(() => {
      setCount(count + 1); // always 1 regardless `count` value change
    }, 1000);
    return () => clearInterval(id);
    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
  }, []);

  return <h1>{count}</h1>;
}

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  useInterval(() => {
    setCount(count + 1);
  }, 1000);

  return <h1>{count}</h1>;
}

function useInterval(callback, delay) {
  const savedCallback = useRef(callback);

  // Remember the latest callback if it changes
  useEffect(() => {
    savedCallback.current = callback;
  }, [callback]);

  // Set up the interval
  useEffect(() => {
    function tick() {
      savedCallback.current();
    }

    const id = setInterval(tick, delay);
    return () => clearInterval(id);
  }, [delay]);
}

UseEffect State

如 UseEffect Closure 所述, 每次调用 useEffect 时, 会捕获那一次 render 时的 props 和 state.
Class Component 中的 this.state.xxx 却总是指向最新的 state.

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  useEffect(() => {
    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log(`You clicked ${count} times`);
    }, 3000);
  });

  return (
    <div>
      <p>You clicked {count} times</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Click me</button>
    </div>
  );
}
// Output:
// Mounted: You clicked 0 times
// Clicked 5 times in 3s
// You clicked 1 times
// You clicked 2 times
// You clicked 3 times
// You clicked 4 times
// You clicked 5 times

class Counter {
  componentDidUpdate() {
    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log(`You clicked ${this.state.count} times`);
    }, 3000);
  }

  render() {
    const { count } = this.props;

    return (
      <div>
        <p>You clicked {count} times</p>
        <button onClick={() => this.setState(count + 1)}>Click me</button>
      </div>
    );
  }
}
// Output:
// Mounted: You clicked 0 times
// Clicked 5 times in 3s
// You clicked 5 times
// You clicked 5 times
// You clicked 5 times
// You clicked 5 times
// You clicked 5 times

UseEffect Cleanup

Avoid memory leaks.
Prevent unexpected errors.
Good user experience.

Cleanup API requests (race condition:

Boolean flag.
AbortController.

const App = ({ url }) => {
  const [results, setResults] = useState([]);
  const [page, setPage] = useState(1);

  // Cleanup with Boolean flag:
  useEffect(() => {
    let ignore = false;
    fetchResults(url, page).then(json => {
      if (!ignore) {
        setResults(json);
      }
    });
    return () => {
      ignore = true;
    };
  }, [url, page]);

  // Cleanup with AbortController:
  useEffect(() => {
    const controller = new AbortController();
    const { signal } = controller;

    const fetchData = async () => {
      const response = await fetch(url, { signal });
      const json = await response.json();
      setResults(json);
    };

    fetchData();

    return () => controller.abort();
  }, [url]);
};

Cleanup connections:

const App = () => {
  useEffect(() => {
    const socket = new WebSocket('url', protocols);
    // do what you want with the socket

    return () => socket.close();
  }, []);
};

Cleanup timeouts:

const App = () => {
  useEffect(() => {
    const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
      // do something in the timeout
    }, 3000);

    return () => clearTimeout(timeoutId);
  }, []);
};

React 18 Development Strict Mode

With Strict Mode in React 18, React will simulate unmounting and remounting component in development mode:

React mounts component:
- Layout effects are created.
- Effect effects are created.
React simulates unmounting component:
- Layout effects are destroyed.
- Effects are destroyed.
React simulates mounting component with previous state:
- Layout effect setup code runs.
- Effect setup code runs.

When Strict Mode is on, remounts twice helps find out Effects need cleanup and exposes bugs like race conditions early.

UseEffect Usage

Effects are typically used to synchronize with external system: browser APIs, third-party library, network, and so on.

Effects let you specify side effects that are caused by rendering itself, rather than by a particular event:

Sending a message in the chat is an event because it is directly caused by user clicking a specific button: put it in handleClick().
However, setting up a server connection is an Effect because it needs to happen regardless of which interaction caused the component to appear: put int in useEffect().

If your effect only adjusts some state based on other state, you might not need effects:

You don’t need Effects to transform data for rendering.
You don’t need Effects to handle user events.

function handleClick() {
  // ✅ Buying is an event because it is caused by a particular interaction.
  fetch('/api/buy', { method: 'POST' });
  showNotification(`Added ${product.name} to the shopping cart!`);
  navigateTo('/checkout');
}

function Form() {
  const [firstName, setFirstName] = useState('');
  const [lastName, setLastName] = useState('');

  // ✅ Good: calculated during rendering
  const fullName = `${firstName} ${lastName}`;

  // ✅ Good: This logic runs because the component was displayed
  useEffect(() => {
    post('/analytics/event', { eventName: 'visit_form' });
  }, []);

  function handleSubmit(e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    // ✅ Good: Event-specific logic is in the event handler
    post('/api/register', { firstName, lastName });
  }
  // ...
}

UseEffect Reference

useEffect complete guide.
useEffect usage guide.

UseLayoutEffect Hook

useLayoutEffect callback called synchronously (fires synchronously after all DOM mutations), substitute for componentDidMount lifecycle function: Update effect flags, HasEffect | Layout hook flags.
useEffect got invoked after componentDidMount asynchronously: Update | Passive effect flags, HasEffect | Passive hook flags.
Lifecycle of React component:
- User interacts, props or state change.
- React updates DOM.
- useLayoutEffect hook fires.
- Browser paints: visual changes are displayed to user.
- useEffect hook fires.
If need to mutate DOM directly (visual changes to UI) or need to perform DOM measurements, useLayoutEffect is better than useEffect.

function mountLayoutEffect(
  create: () => (() => void) | void,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): void {
  return mountEffectImpl(
    UpdateEffect, // Fiber Flags
    HookLayout, // Hook Flags
    create,
    deps
  );
}

function mountEffect(
  create: () => (() => void) | void,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): void {
  return mountEffectImpl(
    UpdateEffect | PassiveEffect, // Fiber Flags
    HookPassive, // Hook Flags
    create,
    deps
  );
}

function updateLayoutEffect(
  create: () => (() => void) | void,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): void {
  return updateEffectImpl(UpdateEffect, HookLayout, create, deps);
}

function updateEffect(
  create: () => (() => void) | void,
  deps: Array<mixed> | void | null
): void {
  return updateEffectImpl(PassiveEffect, HookPassive, create, deps);
}

UseInsertionEffect Hook

useInsertionEffect allows CSS-in-JS libraries to address performance issues of injecting styles in render:

useInsertionEffect will run after the DOM is mutated, but before layout effects read the new layout.

function useCSS(rule) {
  if (!canUseDOM) {
    collectedRulesSet.add(rule);
  }

  useInsertionEffect(() => {
    if (!isInserted.has(rule)) {
      isInserted.add(rule);
      document.head.appendChild(getStyleForRule(rule));
    }
  });

  return rule;
}

function Component() {
  const className = useCSS(rule);
  return <div className={className} />;
}

UseImperativeHandle Hook

interface MyInputHandles {
  focus(): void;
}

const MyInput: RefForwardingComponent<MyInputHandles, MyInputProps> = (
  props,
  ref
) => {
  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);

  useImperativeHandle(ref, () => ({
    focus: () => {
      if (inputRef.current) {
        inputRef.current.focus();
      }
    },
  }));

  return <input {...props} ref={inputRef} />;
};

export default React.forwardRef(MyInput);

UseDebugValue Hook

function App() {
  const date = new Date();
  useDebugValue(date, date => date.toISOString());
}

UseDeferredValue Hook

Debounce:

import { useDeferredValue } from 'react';

function App() {
  const [text, setText] = useState('hello');

  // Debounced value.
  const deferredText = useDeferredValue(text, { timeoutMs: 2000 });

  return (
    <div>
      <input value={text} onChange={handleChange} />
      <List text={deferredText} />
    </div>
  );
}

UseTransition Hook

startTransition 回调中的更新都会被认为是非紧急处理, 如果出现更紧急的更新 (User Input), 则上面的更新都会被中断, 直到没有其他紧急操作之后才会去继续执行更新.

Opt-in concurrent features (implementing debounce-like function):

import { useRef, useState, useTransition } from 'react';
import Spinner from './Spinner';

function App() {
  const input = useRef('');
  const [searchInputValue, setSearchInputValue] = useState('');
  const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('');
  const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition();

  // Urgent: show what was typed.
  setSearchInputValue(input);

  // Debounced callback.
  startTransition(() => {
    setSearchQuery(input);
  });

  return <div>{isPending && <Spinner />}</div>;
}

UseId Hook

Generating unique IDs on client and server (每个 ID 代表该组件在组件树中的层级结构):

function Checkbox() {
  const id = useId();

  return (
    <>
      <label htmlFor={id}>Do you like React?</label>
      <input type="checkbox" name="react" id={id} />
    </>
  );
}

UseSyncExternalStore Hook

Props/Context/useState/useReducer are internal states not affected by concurrent features.

External stores affected by concurrent features including:

Global variables:
- document.body.
Date.
Redux store.
Zustand store.

useSyncExternalStore allows external stores to support concurrent reads by forcing updates to the store to be synchronous.

type UseSyncExternalStore = (
  subscribe: (callback: Callback) => Unsubscribe,
  getSnapshot: () => State
) => State;

Sync Browser API

Sync navigator online API:

function subscribe(callback) {
  window.addEventListener('online', callback);
  window.addEventListener('offline', callback);
  return () => {
    window.removeEventListener('online', callback);
    window.removeEventListener('offline', callback);
  };
}

function useOnlineStatus() {
  return useSyncExternalStore(
    subscribe,
    () => navigator.onLine,
    () => true
  );
}

function ChatIndicator() {
  const isOnline = useOnlineStatus();
  // ...
}

Sync Browser Event

Sync browser scroll event:

// A memoized constant fn prevents unsubscribe/resubscribe
// In practice it is not a big deal
function subscribe(onStoreChange) {
  global.window?.addEventListener('scroll', onStoreChange);
  return () => global.window?.removeEventListener('scroll', onStoreChange);
}

function useScrollY(selector = id => id) {
  return useSyncExternalStore(
    subscribe,
    () => selector(global.window?.scrollY),
    () => undefined
  );
}

function ScrollY() {
  const scrollY = useScrollY();
  return <div>{scrollY}</div>;
}

function ScrollYFloored() {
  const to = 100;
  const scrollYFloored = useScrollY(y =>
    y ? Math.floor(y / to) * to : undefined
  );
  return <div>{scrollYFloored}</div>;
}

Sync Browser Router

function useHistorySelector(selector) {
  const history = useHistory();
  return useSyncExternalStore(history.listen, () => selector(history));
}

function CurrentPathname() {
  const pathname = useHistorySelector(history => history.location.pathname);
  return <div>{pathname}</div>;
}

function CurrentHash() {
  const hash = useHistorySelector(history => history.location.hash);
  return <div>{hash}</div>;
}

Sync External State

Simple demo from React Conf 2021:

import { useSyncExternalStore } from 'react';

// We will also publish a backwards compatible shim
// It will prefer the native API, when available
import { useSyncExternalStore } from 'use-sync-external-store/shim';

const store = {
  state: { count: 0 },
  listeners: new Set(),
  setState: fn => {
    store.state = fn(store.state);
    store.listeners.forEach(listener => listener());
  },
  subscribe: callback => {
    store.listeners.add(callback);
    return () => store.listeners.delete(callback);
  },
  getSnapshot: () => {
    const snap = Object.freeze(store.state);
    return snap;
  },
};

function App() {
  // Basic usage. getSnapshot must return a cached/memoized result
  const state = useSyncExternalStore(store.subscribe, store.getSnapshot);

  // Selecting a specific field using an inline getSnapshot
  const selectedField = useSyncExternalStore(
    store.subscribe,
    () => store.getSnapshot().count
  );

  return (
    <div>
      {state.count}
      {selectedField}
    </div>
  );
}

Migrate from useState + useEffect + useRef to useSyncExternalStore for 3rd external stores libraries (e.g Redux):

import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { useSyncExternalStore } from 'use-sync-external-store/shim';

const createStore = initialState => {
  let state = initialState;
  const listeners = new Set();

  const getState = () => state;
  const setState = fn => {
    state = fn(state);
    listeners.forEach(listener => listener());
  };
  const subscribe = listener => {
    listeners.add(listener);
    return () => listeners.delete(listener);
  };

  return {
    getState,
    setState,
    subscribe,
  };
};

// Explicitly process external store for React v17.
// Sync external store state to React internal state
// with `useState` and `store.subscribe`:
// store.setState -> updater -> setState.
const useStoreLegacy = (store, selector) => {
  const [state, setState] = useState(selector(store.getState()));

  useEffect(() => {
    const updater = () => setState(selector(store.getState()));
    const unsubscribe = store.subscribe(updater);
    updater();
    return unsubscribe;
  }, [store, selector]);

  return state;
};

// Use `useSyncExternalStore` for React v18+.
const useStore = (store, selector) => {
  return useSyncExternalStore(
    store.subscribe,
    useCallback(() => selector(store.getState()), [store, selector])
  );
};

const store = createStore({ count: 0, text: 'hello' });

const Counter = () => {
  const count = useStore(
    store,
    useCallback(state => state.count, [])
  );

  const handleClick = () =>
    store.setState(state => ({ ...state, count: state.count + 1 }));

  return (
    <div>
      {count}
      <button onClick={handleClick}>+1</button>
    </div>
  );
};

const TextBox = () => {
  const text = useStore(
    store,
    useCallback(state => state.text, [])
  );

  const handleChange = event => {
    store.setState(state => ({ ...state, text: event.target.value }));
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <input type="text" value={text} onChange={handleChange} />
    </div>
  );
};

const App = () => (
  <div>
    <Counter />
    <Counter />
    <TextBox />
    <TextBox />
  </div>
);

React.createRoot(document.querySelector('#root')).render(<App />);

UseEvent Hook

Extracting non-reactive logic out of useEffect, put them into useEvent, call useEvent from inside useEffect:

import { useCallback, useEffect, useInsertionEffect, useRef } from 'react';

function useEvent(fn) {
  const ref = useRef(null);
  useInsertionEffect(() => {
    ref.current = fn;
  }, [fn]);
  return useCallback((...args) => {
    const f = ref.current; // Get latest snapshot, break out closure.
    return f(...args);
  }, []);
}

function ChatRoom({ roomId, theme }) {
  const onConnected = useEvent(connectedRoomId => {
    // Non-reactive to `theme`.
    showNotification(`Welcome to ${connectedRoomId}`, theme);
  });

  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = createConnection(serverUrl, roomId);
    connection.on('connected', () => {
      onConnected(roomId);
    });
    connection.connect();
    return () => connection.disconnect();
  }, [roomId, onConnected]); // Linter will allow [roomId] in the future.
}

Event functions let you split an Effect into reactive parts (which should "react" to reactive values and their changes) and non-reactive parts (which only read their latest values).

Custom Hooks

Custom LifeCycle Hooks

componentDidMount:

const useMount = fn => {
  // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
  useEffect(() => fn(), []);
};

componentWillUnmount:

const useUnmount = fn => {
  // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
  useEffect(() => fn, []);
};

componentDidUpdate:

const useUpdate = fn => {
  const mounting = useRef(true);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (mounting.current) {
      // first get called for componentDidMount lifecycle
      // so skip it
      mounting.current = false;
    } else {
      fn();
    }
  });
};

Force Update:

const useUpdate = () => useState(0)[1];

import { useState } from 'react';

interface VoidFunction {
  (): void;
}

interface VoidFunctionCreator {
  (): VoidFunction;
}

const max = 9007199254740990; // Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER - 1;

const useForceUpdate: VoidFunctionCreator = (): VoidFunction => {
  const [, setState] = useState(0);
  const forceUpdate: VoidFunction = (): void => {
    setState((state: number) => (state + 1) % max);
  };
  return forceUpdate;
};

export default useForceUpdate;

isMounted:

const useIsMounted = () => {
  const [isMount, setIsMount] = useState(false);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (!isMount) {
      setIsMount(true);
    }
    return () => setIsMount(false);
    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
  }, []);

  return isMount;
};

Custom Previous Hook

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  const prevCount = usePrevious(count);
  return (
    <h1>
      Now: {count}, before: {prevCount}
    </h1>
  );
}

function usePrevious(value) {
  const ref = useRef();
  useEffect(() => {
    ref.current = value;
  });
  return ref.current;
}

Custom Interval Hook

import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';

function useInterval(callback: () => void, delay: number | null) {
  const savedCallback = useRef(callback);

  // Remember the latest callback if it changes.
  useEffect(() => {
    savedCallback.current = callback;
  }, [callback]);

  // Set up the interval.
  useEffect(() => {
    // Don't schedule if no delay is specified.
    if (delay === null) {
      return;
    }

    const id = setInterval(() => savedCallback.current(), delay);

    return () => clearInterval(id);
  }, [delay]);
}

export default useInterval;

Custom Debounce Hook

// Hook
function useDebounce(value, delay) {
  // State and setters for debounced value
  const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState(value);

  useEffect(
    () => {
      // Update debounced value after delay
      const handler = setTimeout(() => {
        setDebouncedValue(value);
      }, delay);

      // Cancel the timeout if value changes (also on delay change or unmount)
      // This is how we prevent debounced value
      // from updating if value is changed ...
      // .. within the delay period. Timeout gets cleared and restarted.
      return () => {
        clearTimeout(handler);
      };
    },
    [value, delay] // Only re-call effect if value or delay changes
  );

  return debouncedValue;
}

function App() {
  // Usage
  const [searchTerm, setSearchTerm] = useState('');
  const debouncedSearchTerm = useDebounce(searchTerm, 500);

  useEffect(() => {}, [debouncedSearchTerm]);

  return <div>App</div>;
}

Custom EventListener Hook

import { useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';

export default function useKeydown() {
  const handleKeydown = useCallback(() => {
    alert('key is pressed.');
  }, []);

  useMount(() => {
    document.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown);
    return () => {
      document.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeydown);
    };
  });
}

import { useEffect } from 'react';

export default function useEventListener({ event, handler }) {
  useMount(() => {
    document.addEventListener(event, handler);
    return () => {
      document.removeEventListener(event, handler);
    };
  });
}

Custom Media Query Hook

export default function useMedia<T>(
  queries: string[],
  values: T[],
  defaultValue: T
) {
  // Array containing a media query list for each query
  const mediaQueryLists = queries.map(q => window.matchMedia(q));

  const getValue = () => {
    // Get index of first media query that matches
    const index = mediaQueryLists.findIndex(mql => mql.matches);
    return values?.[index] || defaultValue;
  };

  // State and setter for matched value
  const [value, setValue] = useState<T>(getValue);

  useMount(() => {
    const handler = () => setValue(getValue);
    mediaQueryLists.forEach(mql => mql.addListener(handler));
    return () => mediaQueryLists.forEach(mql => mql.removeListener(handler));
  });

  return value;
}

Custom Observer Hook

import type { RefObject } from 'react';
import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';

interface Args extends IntersectionObserverInit {
  freezeOnceVisible?: boolean;
}

function useIntersectionObserver(
  elementRef: RefObject<Element>,
  {
    threshold = 0,
    root = null,
    rootMargin = '0%',
    freezeOnceVisible = false,
  }: Args
): IntersectionObserverEntry | undefined {
  const [entry, setEntry] = useState<IntersectionObserverEntry>();

  const frozen = entry?.isIntersecting && freezeOnceVisible;

  // Update first entry
  const updateEntry = ([entry]: IntersectionObserverEntry[]): void => {
    setEntry(entry);
  };

  useEffect(() => {
    const node = elementRef?.current; // DOM Ref
    const hasIOSupport = !!window.IntersectionObserver;

    if (!hasIOSupport || frozen || !node) return;

    const observerParams = { threshold, root, rootMargin };
    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(updateEntry, observerParams);

    observer.observe(node);

    return () => observer.disconnect();
  }, [elementRef, threshold, root, rootMargin, frozen]);

  return entry;
}

export default useIntersectionObserver;

function useComponentSize() {
  const [size, setSize] = React.useState({
    height: 0,
    width: 0,
  });
  const ref = React.useRef<any>();

  const onResize = React.useCallback(() => {
    if (!ref.current) {
      return;
    }

    const newHeight = ref.current.offsetHeight;
    const newWidth = ref.current.offsetWidth;

    if (newHeight !== size.height || newWidth !== size.width) {
      setSize({
        height: newHeight,
        width: newWidth,
      });
    }
  }, [size.height, size.width]);

  React.useLayoutEffect(() => {
    if (!ref || !ref.current) {
      return;
    }

    const resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(onResize);
    resizeObserver.observe(ref.current);

    return () => resizeObserver.disconnect();
  }, [ref, onResize]);

  return {
    ref,
    ...size,
</

React Hooks Notes

Hooks Types​

Hooks Memoized State​

Hooks Workflow​

Minimal Hooks Implementation​

UseState Hook​

UseState Hooks Dispatcher​

UseState Hooks Usage​

UseReducer Hook​

UseReducer Hooks Dispatcher​

UseReducer Hooks Usage​

UseMemo Hook​

UseMemo Hooks Dispatcher​

UseMemo Hooks Usage​

UseCallback Hook​

UseCallback Hooks Dispatcher​

UseCallback Hooks Usage​

UseRef Hook​

UseRef Hooks Dispatcher​

Refs Features​

Refs Update Mechanism​

Refs Usage​

UseContext Hook​

UseContext Hooks Dispatcher​

UseContext Hooks Usage​

UseEffect Hook​

UseEffect Hooks Dispatcher​

UseEffect Lifecycle​

UseEffect Nasty Loop​

UseEffect Deps List​

UseEffect Closure​

UseEffect State​

UseEffect Cleanup​

UseEffect Usage​

UseEffect Reference​

UseLayoutEffect Hook​

UseInsertionEffect Hook​

UseImperativeHandle Hook​

UseDebugValue Hook​

UseDeferredValue Hook​

UseTransition Hook​

UseId Hook​

UseSyncExternalStore Hook​

Sync Browser API​

Sync Browser Event​

Sync Browser Router​

Sync External State​

UseEvent Hook​

Custom Hooks​

Custom LifeCycle Hooks​

Custom Previous Hook​

Custom Interval Hook​

Custom Debounce Hook​

Custom EventListener Hook​

Custom Media Query Hook​

Custom Observer Hook​