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HTML Basic Notes

Emmet​

嵌套操作​

孩子 : >.

<!-- div>ul>li -->
<div>
  <ul>
    <li></li>
  </ul>
</div>

兄弟 : +.

<!-- div+ul>li -->
<div></div>
<ul>
  <li></li>
</ul>

上级：^.

<!-- ul>li^div -->
<ul>
  <li></li>
</ul>
<div></div>

ul>li>a^^div
<ul>
  <li><a href=""></a></li>
</ul>
<div></div>

重复: *.

<!-- ul>li*3 -->
<ul>
  <li></li>
  <li></li>
  <li></li>
</ul>

分组：().

<!-- div>(p>span)*2 -->
<div>
  <p><span></span></p>
  <p><span></span></p>
</div>

属性操作​

  • id: #.
  • class: ..
<!-- div#header+div.main+div#footer -->
<div id="header"></div>
<div class="main"></div>
<div id="footer"></div>

属性值: [].

<!-- a[title=test target=_self] -->
<a title="test" target="_self" href=""></a>

数列值：$.

<!-- p.item$*3 -->
<p class="item1"></p>
<p class="item2"></p>
<p class="item3"></p>

<!-- p.item$$*3 -->
<p class="item01"></p>
<p class="item02"></p>
<p class="item03"></p>

数列操作符：@

<!-- p.item$@-*3 @- = -1 -->
<p class="item3"></p>
<p class="item2"></p>
<p class="item1"></p>

<!-- p.item$@3*3 @3 = 从3开始3次 -->
<p class="item3"></p>
<p class="item4"></p>
<p class="item5"></p>

<!-- p.item$@-3*3 @-3 = 3次后到3结束 -->
<p class="item5"></p>
<p class="item4"></p>
<p class="item3"></p>

字符操作​

字符操作：{}.

<!-- a{click} -->
<a href="">click</a>

<!-- a>{click}+span{me} -->
<a href="">click<span>me</span></a>

缺省元素​

  • .header+.footer -> div.header+div.footer.
  • ul>.item*3 -> ul>li.item*3.
  • table>.row*4>.cell*3 -> table>tr.row*4>td.cell*3.

Structure​

Section​

必须含有hx标题子标签.

Not only can the page <body> contain a header, but also can every <article> and <section> element.

Not only can the page <body> contain a footer, but also can every <article> and <section> element.

hgroup​

  • 传统导航条
  • 侧边栏导航
  • 页内跳转
  • 翻页操作

main​

  • 每个网页只有 1 个main元素
  • main不可为article、aside、header、footer、nav孩子

address​

联系信息 - QQ、住址、电子邮箱、主页链接

aside​

名词解释的附属部分/友情链接/广告

blockquote​

长文本引用

pre​

代码段

meta data list in HEAD.

Favicon​

<head>
  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico" />
</head>

Generating favicons in all necessary sizes:

<head>
  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-32x32.png" />
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="48x48" href="/favicon-48x48.png" />
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/favicon-72x72.png" />
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="96x96" href="/favicon-96x96.png" />
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="256x256" href="/favicon-256x256.png" />
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="384x384" href="/favicon-384x384.png" />
  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="512x512" href="/favicon-512x512.png" />
  <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest" crossorigin="anonymous" />
</head>

Theme Color​

<meta
  name="theme-color"
  content="#319197"
  media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
/>
<meta
  name="theme-color"
  content="#872e4e"
  media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"
/>

Form​

Form:

<form action="表单提交的后台地址接口" method="post" 提交方式，一般为post>
  <fieldset 若内容比较多，用来分区>
    <legend>这是分区的标题</legend>
    <label for="file">选择照片按钮</label>
    <input type="file" id="file" />
  </fieldset>

  <fieldset>
    <legend>这是分区的标题</legend>
    <div>选择尺寸：</div>
    <input
      type="checkbox"
      多选框
      name="size"
      数据名称，交给后台
      value="5"
      值
      id="cb_0"
      checked
      disabled
      默认勾选，无法更改
    />
    <label for="cb_0">5寸</label>
    <!-- 一个input一个label，一一对应，同类name相同 -->
    <input type="radio" 单选框 name="material" value="fs" id="rd_0" />
    <label for="rd_0">富士，单选第一个</label>

    <input
      type="text"
      单行文本框，默认
      id="description"
      placeholder="里面是提示"
      value="这里是默认内容"
      readonly只读
      hidden隐藏
    />
    <input type="submit" 提交按钮 /> == <button type="submit">提交</button>
    <input type="reset" 重置按钮 /> == <button type="reset">重置</button>

    <div>
      <label for="delivery" 功能提示信息，通过for与标签对应>配送方式</label>
      <select id="delivery" 下拉选择>
        <optgroup label="group1" 给选项分组>
          <option value="0">快递</option>
          <option value="1">EMS</option>
        </optgroup>
        <option value="2" selected>平邮</option>
      </select>
    </div>

    <div>
      <label for="feedback">意见反馈,多行文本框</label>
      <textarea name="feedback" rows="4" 4行 id="feedback"></textarea>
    </div>
  </fieldset>
</form>

Form Validation​

  • Form validation complete guide.
  • Constraint validation complete guide.
const usernameInput = document.querySelector('[name="name"]')

usernameInput.addEventListener('invalid', () => {
  usernameInput.setCustomValidity('Please enter your name.')
})

Form Element Attributes​

Form Attribute​

form=form_name: 使表单元素可放置于表单之外

Form Action Attribute​

formaction=target_name: 使表单元素可提交到不同页面

Form Method Attribute​

formmethod=post/get: 使表单元素以不同的方式提交

Form Enctype Attribute​

enctype (HTTP Content-Type header):

  • 默认值: application/x-www-form-urlencoded, 提交前编码所有字符.
  • multipart/form-data 不编码字符, 上传控件表单元素必须使用改值.
  • text/plain: 表单元素数据中的空格编码为 +.
<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <div>
    <label for="file">Choose file to upload</label>
    <input type="file" id="file" name="file" multiple />
  </div>
  <div>
    <button>Upload image</button>
  </div>
</form>

Form Target Attribute​

target 定义表单提交后加载页面打开方式:

  • self (default): 在相同的框架中打开被链接文档.
  • blank: 在新窗口中打开被链接文档.
  • parent: 在父框架集中打开被链接文档.
  • top: 在整个窗口中打开被链接文档.
  • frameName: 在指定的框架中打开被链接文档.

Form Novalidate Attribute​

取消表单元素的提交验证 (novalidate):

将 submit 元素的 formnovalidate 属性值为 true, 使整个表单提交验证失效, 实现假提交, 进而弹出再次确认按钮 (真提交).

AutoFocus Attribute​

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="search">Search the site...</label>
  <input
    id="search"
    name="search"
    type="search"
    placeholder="Search here ..."
    autofocus
  />
</div>

Required Attribute​

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="film">The film in question?</label>
  <input
    id="film"
    name="film"
    type="text"
    placeholder="e.g. King Kong"
    required
    aria-required="true"
  />
</div>

Disabled and Hidden Attribute​

  • disabled 表单元素的数据不会被提交.
  • hidden 表单元素的数据仍会被提交.

AutoComplete Attribute​

autocomplete:

  • email.
  • new-password.
  • current-password.
  • street-address.
  • address-line1.
  • address-line2.
  • address-line3.
  • city.
  • state.
  • country.
  • tel.
  • zip.
  • one-time-code.
  • cc-name.
  • cc-number.
  • cc-exp.
  • off.
<form>
  <div>
    <label for="email">Email</label>
    <input autocomplete="email" required type="email" id="email" name="email" />
  </div>
  <div>
    <label for="password">Password</label>
    <input
      autocomplete="new-password"
      type="password"
      id="password"
      name="password"
    />
  </div>
  <button>Sign up</button>
</form>

<form>
  <div>
    <label for="email">Email</label>
    <input autocomplete="email" required type="email" id="email" name="email" />
  </div>
  <div>
    <label for="password">Password</label>
    <input
      autocomplete="current-password"
      type="password"
      id="password"
      name="password"
    />
  </div>
  <button>Sign in</button>
</form>

Form Labels​

指定表单元素的标签

<label for="input_id">OS : </label>

隐式 Control 属性​

javascript tips：通过 control 属性改变标签对应表单元素的值

const textbox = $('#label_id').control
textbox.value = '666666' //  等同于 input.value = '666666';

Form Input​

Input Types​

<!-- default -->
<input type="text" />
<!-- numeric keyboard -->
<input type="tel" />
<!-- numeric keyboard -->
<input type="number" />
<!-- displays @ key -->
<input type="email" />
<!-- displays .com key -->
<input type="url" />
<!-- displays search button -->
<input type="search" />
<!-- displays date picker or wheel controls -->
<input type="date" />
<input type="date picker(data,month,week,time,datetime,datetime-local)" />

<input type="range" />
<input type="color" />

Text Input​

<input type="text" spellcheck="true" lang="en" />

Radio Input​

name 相同时, 多个 radio 组成一个 radio group.

Checkbox Input​

Search Input​

搜索条:

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="search">Search the site...</label>
  <input
    id="search"
    name="search"
    type="search"
    placeholder="Search here ..."
  />
</div>

Tel Input​

电话号码无输入检查:

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="tel">Telephone (so we can berate you if you're wrong)</label>
  <input
    id="tel"
    name="tel"
    type="tel"
    placeholder="1-234-546758"
    autocomplete="off"
    required
  />
</div>

Url Input​

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="web">Your Web address</label>
  <input id="web" name="web" type="url" placeholder="https://www.mysite.com" />
</div>

Email Input​

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="email">Your Email address</label>
  <input
    type="email"
    id="email"
    name="email"
    placeholder="dwight.schultz@gmail.com"
    required
  />
</div>

Number Input​

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="yearOfCrime">Year Of Crime</label>
  <input
    id="yearOfCrime"
    name="yearOfCrime"
    type="number"
    min="1929"
    max="2015"
    step="1"
    required
  />
</div>

Range Input​

<div class="form-control">
  <input
    id="howYouRateIt"
    name="howYouRateIt"
    type="range"
    min="1"
    max="10"
    value="5"
    onchange="showValue(this.value)"
  />
  <span id="range">5</span>
</div>

DateTime Input​

[type]:

  • date.
  • month.
  • week.
  • time.
  • datetime-local.
<input id="date" name="date" type="date" />
<input id="month" name="month" type="month" />
<input id="week" name="week" type="week" />
<input id="time" name="time" type="time" />

Color Input​

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="color">Your favorite color</label>
  <input id="color" name="color" type="color" />
</div>

List Input​

autocomplete, 为输入框指定智能提示数据:

<div class="form-control">
  <label for="awardWon">Award Won</label>
  <input id="awardWon" name="awardWon" type="text" list="awards" />
  <datalist id="awards">
    <select>
      <option value="Best Picture"></option>
      <option value="Best Director"></option>
      <option value="Best Adapted Screenplay"></option>
      <option value="Best Original Screenplay"></option>
    </select>
  </datalist>
</div>

File Input​

File type:

<input type="file" accept=".jpeg,.png" />

Multiple files:

<input type="file" multiple />

Capture device camera:

<!-- Front camera -->
<input type="file" capture="user" accept="image/*" />
<!-- Back camera -->
<input type="file" capture="environment" accept="image/*" />

Indeterminate​

检查 [type=checkbox] 的状态:

if (checkbox.indeterminate) {
  doSomething()
} else {
  if (checkbox.checked)
    doSomething()
  else
    doSomething()
}

Pattern​

通过正则表达式指定输入格式:

<input pattern="[0-9][A-Z]{3}" />

Validity​

返回 ValidityState 对象, 拥有 ValidityState.valid 属性.

Output​

<input> 元素的镜像元素.

Textarea​

Maxlength​

Cols​

每行可显示字符最大数

Wrap​

  • hard:换行时加入换行标志，此时必须指定cols属性
  • soft:不加入换行标志

Dialog​

Native dialog:

<dialog open>
  <p>Greetings, one and all!</p>
  <form method="dialog">
    <button>OK</button>
  </form>
</dialog>
<button class="btn" data-toggle="#dialog">Open modal</button>

<button class="btn" data-toggle="#dialog-tall">Open tall modal</button>

<dialog id="dialog">
  <header>
    Example modal
    <button class="btn btn-close" data-close>
      <svg width="16" height="16"><use xlink:href="#x" /></svg>
    </button>
  </header>
  Some basic text inside the modal to demonstrate how it all looks and works.
</dialog>

<dialog id="dialog-tall">
  <header>
    Super tall modal
    <button class="btn btn-close" data-close>
      <svg width="16" height="16"><use xlink:href="#x" /></svg>
    </button>
  </header>
  <p>Line breaks to push the height out.</p>
  <button type="button" class="btn" data-close>Close</button>
</dialog>
const togglers = document.querySelectorAll('[data-toggle]')
const closers = document.querySelectorAll('[data-close]')

togglers?.forEach((toggler) => {
  const target = toggler.getAttribute('data-toggle')
  const dialogs = document.querySelectorAll(target)

  toggler.addEventListener('click', (_event) => {
    dialogs.forEach((dialog) => {
      dialog.showModal()
    })
  })
})

closers?.forEach((closer) => {
  closer.addEventListener('click', (_event) => {
    const dialog = closer.closest('dialog')
    dialog.close()
  })
})

Datalist​

<datalist id="register-prompt" style="display: none">
  <option value="Windows">Windows</option>
  <option value="Mac OS">Mac OS</option>
  <option value="Linux">Linux</option>
</datalist>
<label for="myBrowser">Choose a browser from this list:</label>
<input list="browsers" id="myBrowser" name="myBrowser" />
<datalist id="browsers">
  <option value="Chrome"></option>
  <option value="Firefox"></option>
  <option value="Internet Explorer"></option>
  <option value="Opera"></option>
  <option value="Safari"></option>
  <option value="Microsoft Edge"></option>
</datalist>

Form Demo​

<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>Sign Up Form</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/normalize.css" />
    <link
      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,400,700"
      rel="stylesheet"
    />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/main.css" />
  </head>
  <body>
    <form action="index.html" method="post">
      <h2>Your basic info</h2>

      <label for="name">Name</label>
      <input type="text" id="name" name="student_name" />

      <label for="mail">Email</label>
      <input type="email" id="mail" name="student_email" />

      <label for="password">Password</label>
      <input type="password" id="password" name="student_password" />

      <label>Age:</label>
      <input
        type="radio"
        id="under_16"
        value="under_16"
        name="user_age"
      /><label for="under_16" class="light">Under 16</label><br />
      <input type="radio" id="over_16" value="over_16" name="user_age" /><label
        for="over_16"
        class="light"
        >16 or Older</label
      >

      <h2>Your profile</h2>

      <label for="bio">Biography</label>
      <textarea id="bio" name="student_bio"></textarea>

      <label for="courses">Select Courses</label>
      <select id="courses" name="student_courses">
        <optgroup label="Engineering">
          <option value="computer_engineering">
            Computer Science Engineering
          </option>
          <option value="electrical_engineering">Electrical Engineering</option>
          <option value="mechanical_engineering">Mechanical Engineering</option>
          <option value="civil_engineering">Civil Engineering</option>
          <option value="chemical_engineering">Chemical Engineering</option>
        </optgroup>
        <optgroup label="Management">
          <option value="finance_management">Finance Management</option>
          <option value="technology_management">Technology Management</option>
          <option value="marketing_management">Marketing Management</option>
          <option value="business_administration">
            Business Administration
          </option>
        </optgroup>
      </select>

      <label>Interests:</label>
      <input
        type="checkbox"
        id="engineering"
        value="interest_engineering"
        name="user_interest"
      /><label class="light" for="engineering">Engineering</label><br />
      <input
        type="checkbox"
        id="business"
        value="interest_business"
        name="user_interest"
      /><label class="light" for="business">Business</label><br />
      <input
        type="checkbox"
        id="law"
        value="interest_law"
        name="user_interest"
      /><label class="light" for="law">Law</label>

      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  </body>
</html>

Content​

Details​

Accordion list:

<div class="container">
  <h3>FAQ</h3>

  <details open>
    <summary>Why is it called an accordion menu?</summary>
    <hr />
    <p>
      Because each part of it can expand and contract, like in an accordion. If
      you don't know what an accordion is, just imagine a cute fluffy cat. You
      still won't know what it is, but at least you'll feel better about not
      knowing.
    </p>
  </details>

  <details>
    <summary>Huh?</summary>
    <hr />
    <p>Huh.</p>
  </details>

  <details>
    <summary>If I use an accordion menu will it make me cool?</summary>
    <hr />
    <p>
      No, not unless you're designing a MySpace profile. The
      <code>{"details"}</code> element is cool though, and you can use that for
      a lot of things. I'm using it on this page right below here, to show the
      code for each example!
    </p>
  </details>
</div>

<style>
  .container {
    padding: 1em 2em;
    border: 0.2em solid black;
    border-radius: 2em;
  }

  details {
    padding: 1em;
    margin-bottom: 1em;
    border: 0.1em solid black;
    border-radius: 1em;
  }

  summary {
    font-size: 1.2em;
    cursor: pointer;
  }

  summary::-webkit-details-marker {
    display: none;
  }

  details[open] summary {
    font-size: 1.3em;
  }
</style>

Details Summary​

展开与收缩时触发 toggle 事件:

<details>
  <summary>Details</summary>
  Something small enough to escape casual notice.
</details>

Details Data Grid​

Details AutoComplete​

Details Open​

默认 open=false.

Description List​

  • <dl>: description list.
  • <dt>: description Term.
  • <dd>: description details.
<h1>Review your data</h1>
<p>
  Please review the data you entered in the previous step to ensure it is
  correct:
</p>
<dl>
  <dt>First name</dt>
  <dd>Marc</dd>

  <dt>Last name</dt>
  <dd>Simmons</dd>

  <dt>Date of Birth</dt>
  <dd><time datetime="1990-05-15">May 15 1990</time></dd>
</dl>

Table​

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th scope="col">Col Header 1</th>
      <th scope="col">Col Header 2</th>
      <th scope="col">Col Header 3</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Row Header 1</th>
      <td>Row 1 Col 2</td>
      <td>Row 1 Col 3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Row Header 2</th>
      <td>Row 2 Col 2</td>
      <td>Row 2 Col 3</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  <tfoot>
    <tr>
      <th scope="row">Summary</th>
      <td>Col 2 summary</td>
      <td>Col 3 summary</td>
    </tr>
  </tfoot>
</table>

Mark​

突出/高亮显示，无关原文作者

Ins​

Insert text

<ins
  cite="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1620467"
  datetime="2020-07-23"
>
  The <code>appearance</code> property, previously only available prefixed in
  Firefox, can now be used in all modern browsers un-prefixed.
</ins>

Del​

Delete text

<del
  cite="https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1620467"
  datetime="2020-07-23"
>
  Firefox doesn't support CSS's standard <code>appearance</code> property, so
  you can only use it prefixed.
</del>

U​

underline text

Em​

文章重点

Strong​

段落强调

Small​

  • 免责声明、注意事项、法律规定、版权声明
  • 不改变文字样式

Hr​

下划线

Progress​

value/max 百分比

<label for="file">File progress:</label>

<progress id="file" max="100" value="70">70%</progress>

Meter​

Value​

Min​

Max​

Low​

High​

Optimum​

Wbr​

软换行

Media​

Figure​

流内容: 如代码、文件、图片、音频、视频.

Figcaption​

<figure> 可拥有唯一的 0/1 个 <figcaption>:

<figure aria-labelledby="image-alt">
  <img src="/media/cc0-images/elephant-660-480.jpg" alt="Elephant at sunset" />
  <figcaption id="image-alt">An elephant at sunset</figcaption>
</figure>

Image​

Src​

Alt​

(图片崩溃时文本)、title(提示信息)、class(CSS 类选择器)

Loading​

<img src="picture.jpg" loading="lazy" />

Responsive Images​

<!-- `img` element -->
<img src="foo" alt="bar" />

<!-- `img` element, `srcset` attribute -->
<img
  srcset="foo-320w.jpg 320w, foo-480w.jpg 480w, foo-800w.jpg 800w"
  sizes="(max-width: 480px) 440px, 320px"
  src="foo-320w.jpg"
  alt="bar"
/>

Picture​

  • Multiple <source> and only one <img>
<!-- `picture` and `source` elements, `srcset` attributes -->
<picture>
  <source media="(max-width: 799px)" srcset="foo-480w.jpg" />
  <source media="(min-width: 800px)" srcset="foo-800w.jpg" />
  <img src="foo-800w.jpg" alt="bar" />
</picture>
  • Multiple width images
<picture>
  <source srcset="128px.jpg, 256px.jpg 2x, 512px.jpg 3x" />
  <img src="foo.jpg" alt="bar" />
</picture>
  • Multiple type images
<picture>
  <source srcset="foo.avif" type="image/avif" />
  <source srcset="foo.webp" type="image/webp" />
  <img src="foo.jpg" />
</picture>

SVG​

const svgElement = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg')
const svgRectElement = document.createElementNS(
  'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
  'rect'
)

Embed​

Embed best practice:

<script src="lazySizes.min.js" async></script>

<iframe
  data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aKydtOXW8mI"
  width="560"
  height="315"
  class="lazyload"
  title="YouTube video player"
  frameborder="0"
  allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write;
        encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"
  allowfullscreen
>
</iframe>

Video​

<video
  src="myVideo.mp4"
  width="640"
  height="480"
  controls
  autoplay
  preload="auto"
  loop
  poster="myVideoPoster.png"
>
  If you're reading this either video didn't load or your browser is legacy!
</video>
<video
  width="640"
  height="480"
  controls
  preload="auto"
  loop
  poster="myVideoPoster.png"
>
  <source src="myVideo.sp8" type="video/super8" />
  <source src="myVideo.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
  <p><b>Download Video:</b> MP4 Format:<a href="myVideo.mp4">"MP4"</a></p>
</video>

Anchor​

Anchor Href​

[href] 超链接指向超链接/#id/#name:

<a href="https://github.com">Link</a> <a href="#title">Link</a>

Anchor ID​

当前锚点标识.

Anchor Name​

当前锚点名字.

Anchor Target​

定义被链接文档出现方式:

  • self: 默认方式, 在相同的框架中打开被链接文档.
  • blank: 在新窗口中打开被链接文档.
  • parent: 在父框架集中打开被链接文档.
  • top: 在整个窗口中打开被链接文档.
  • framename: 在指定的框架中打开被链接文档.

Command​

Information​

Popover​

Popover API:

<button popovertarget="my-popover">Toggle Popover</button>
<div id="my-popover" popover>Popover Content</div>
<button popovertarget="my-popover" class="toggle-btn">Toggle Popover</button>

<div id="my-popover" popover="manual">
  <p>I am a popover with more information.</p>
  <p>
    <button
      popovertarget="my-popover"
      popovertargetaction="hide"
      class="close-btn"
    >
      <span aria-hidden="true">❌</span>
      <span class="sr-only">Close</span>
    </button>
  </p>
</div>

Time​

Pub Date​

pubdate: boolean 代表当前<time>表示整个网页的时间

DateTime​

<time datetime="2010-11-13T20:00Z"></time>
<time datetime="2010-11-13T20:00+09:00"></time>
  • T 分隔日期与时间
  • Z 使用 UTC 标准时间
  • + 时差

Attributes​

Dataset​

<td data-row="1" data-column="1"></td>
function onChange(event) {
  const {
    currentTarget: {
      dataset: { row, column },
    },
  } = event
}

Global Attributes​

Global attributes are attributes common to all HTML elements, they can be used on all elements, though they may have no effect on some elements:

  • accesskey.
  • autocapitalize.
  • autofocus.
  • contenteditable: boolean.
  • dir.
  • draggable.
  • enterkeyhint.
  • hidden: boolean.
  • inert.
  • inputmode.
  • is.
  • itemid.
  • itemprop.
  • itemref.
  • itemscope.
  • itemtype.
  • lang.
  • nonce.
  • popover.
  • spellcheck: boolean.
  • style.
  • tabindex.
  • title.
  • translate.
  • on* event handler content attributes.
tip

DOM defines the user agent requirements for the class, id, and slot attributes for any element in any namespace. The class, id, and slot attributes may be specified on all HTML elements.

Tabindex​

-1: 编程可获得焦点，tab 键不可获得焦点

HTML Attributes and DOM Properties​

DOM Properties Differences​

HTML attributes vs DOM properties differs in:

  • HTML serialization: attributes serialize to HTML, whereas properties don't.
  • Value types: attribute values are always strings, whereas properties can be any type.
  • Case sensitivity: attribute names are case-insensitive, whereas property names are case-sensitive.
// 1. HTML serialization:
const div = document.createElement('div')

div.setAttribute('foo', 'bar')
div.hello = 'world'

console.log(div.outerHTML) // '<div foo="bar"></div>'

// 2. Value types:
const div = document.createElement('div')
const obj = { foo: 'bar' }

div.setAttribute('foo', obj)
console.log(typeof div.getAttribute('foo')) // 'string'
console.log(div.getAttribute('foo')) // '[object Object]'

div.hello = obj
console.log(typeof div.hello) // 'object'
console.log(div.hello) // { foo: 'bar' }

// 3. Case sensitivity:
// <div id="test" HeLlO="world"></div>
const div = document.querySelector('#test')

console.log(div.getAttributeNames()) // ['id', 'hello']

div.setAttribute('FOO', 'bar')
console.log(div.getAttributeNames()) // ['id', 'hello', 'foo']

div.TeSt = 'value'
console.log(div.TeSt) // 'value'
console.log(div.test) // undefined

DOM properties come with validation and defaults, whereas HTML attributes don't:

  • Omit invalid value: input.type.
  • Normalize boolean value: details.open.
  • Convert incoming value to number and coerce negative values to 0: img.height.
// Omit invalid type:
const input = document.createElement('input')

console.log(input.getAttribute('type')) // null
console.log(input.type) // 'text'

input.type = 'number'

console.log(input.getAttribute('type')) // 'number'
console.log(input.type) // 'number'

input.type = 'foo'

console.log(input.getAttribute('type')) // 'foo'
console.log(input.type) // 'text'

// Normalize non-empty string to true value:
const details = document.querySelector('details')

console.log(details.getAttribute('open')) // ''
console.log(details.open) // true

details.open = false

console.log(details.getAttribute('open')) // null
console.log(details.open) // false

details.open = 'hello'

console.log(details.getAttribute('open')) // ''
console.log(details.open) // true

DOM Properties Reflection​

For convenience, most specs will create a property equivalent for every defined attribute. Here's the spec for <ol>. The Content attributes section defines the HTML attributes (reversed, start, type), and the DOM interface defines the DOM properties:

interface OListElement extends HTMLElement {
  reversed: boolean
  start: long
  type: DOMString
};

If attribute (e.g foo=bar) isn't a spec-defined attribute, then there isn't a spec-defined foo property that reflects it:

const div = document.querySelector('div[foo=bar]')

console.log(div.getAttribute('foo')) // 'bar'
console.log(div.foo) // undefined

div.foo = 'hello world'

console.log(div.getAttribute('foo')) // 'bar'
console.log(div.foo) // 'hello world'
input.defaultValue and input.value property

input.defaultValue property reflects HTML value attribute, input.value property doesn't reflect any attribute:

class HTMLInputElement extends HTMLElement {
  get defaultValue() {
    return this.getAttribute('value') ?? ''
  }

  set defaultValue(newValue) {
    this.setAttribute('value', String(newValue))
  }

  #value = undefined

  get value() {
    return this.#value ?? this.defaultValue
  }

  set value(newValue) {
    this.#value = String(newValue)
  }

  // This happens when the associated form resets
  formResetCallback() {
    this.#value = undefined
  }
}

// <input type="text" value="default" />
const input = document.querySelector('input')

console.log(input.getAttribute('value')) // 'default'
console.log(input.value) // 'default'
console.log(input.defaultValue) // 'default'

input.defaultValue = 'new default'

console.log(input.getAttribute('value')) // 'new default'
console.log(input.value) // 'new default'
console.log(input.defaultValue) // 'new default'

// Here comes the mode switch:
input.value = 'hello!'

console.log(input.getAttribute('value')) // 'new default'
console.log(input.value) // 'hello!'
console.log(input.defaultValue) // 'new default'

input.setAttribute('value', 'another new default')

console.log(input.getAttribute('value')) // 'another new default'
console.log(input.value) // 'hello!'
console.log(input.defaultValue) // 'another new default'

Accessibility​

Semantic HTML​

Structure Accessibility​

  • Semantics section reference.
  • <header>: role="banner"
  • <nav>: role="navigation"
  • <main>: role="main"
  • <aside>: role="complementary"
  • <section>: role="region"
  • <article>: role="article"
  • <footer>: role="contentinfo"
<header>
  <nav>
    <ul>
      <li><a></a></li>
    </ul>
  </nav>
</header>

<main>
  <section></section>
</main>

<footer></footer>

Heading Accessibility​

  • 7 heading levels: <div role="heading" aria-level="7"></div>
  • One <h1> per page
  • Have a HTML sitemap.
  • Support keyboard navigation (Key and Tab Index).
  • Breadcrumbs a11y:
    • aria-label="breadcrumbs"
    • aria-label="page"
<nav aria-label="breadcrumbs">
  <ol>
    <li>
      <a href="https://example.com/"> Home </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="https://example.com/products"> Products </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="https://example.com/products/childrens-clothing">
        Children's clothing
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a
        href="https://example.com/products/childrens-clothing/shoes"
        aria-current="page"
      >
        Shoes
      </a>
    </li>
  </ol>
</nav>

Section Accessibility​

<section aria-labelledby="sectionHeader1">
  <h2 id="sectionHeader1">A great section</h2>
</section>
<section aria-labelledby="sectionHeader2">
  <h2 id="sectionHeader2">An even better section</h2>
</section>

Article Accessibility​

The <article> element is used to represent a fully self-contained region of content

<article>
  <header>
    <h1>Why you should buy more cheeses than you currently do</h1>
  </header>
  <section>
    <header>
      <h2>Part 1: Variety is spicy</h2>
    </header>
    <!-- cheesy content -->
  </section>
  <section>
    <header>
      <h2>Part 2: Cows are great</h2>
    </header>
    <!-- more cheesy content -->
  </section>
</article>

Reference Accessibility​

  • <cite>
  • <q>
  • <blockquote>
  • <code>
<p>
  Every time Kenny is killed, Stan will announce
  <q cite="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_McCormick#Cultural_impact">
    Oh my God, you/they killed Kenny! </q
  >.
</p>
<blockquote cite="https://www.huxley.net/bnw/four.html">
  <p>
    Words can be like X-rays, if you use them properly – they'll go through
    anything. You read and you're pierced.
  </p>
</blockquote>

<cite>– Ados Huxley, Brave New World</cite>
<article>
  <h2 id="article1-title">My article</h2>
  <p>Article brief description with truncation...</p>
  <a href="article1-url" aria-labelledby="article1-title">Read more</a>
</article>

Text Accessibility​

  • <b>
  • <strong>
  • <mark>
  • <ins>
  • <del>
  • <abbr>: 专有名词解释 <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr>

不要将 <b> 元素与 <strong>、<em> 或 <mark> 元素混淆:

  • <strong> 元素表示某些重要性的文本
  • <em> 强调文本
  • <mark> 元素表示某些相关性的文本

Text Color A11Y​

  • Devtool inspect elements A11Y for color contrast ratio.
  • Don't forget ::selection.

Text Spacing A11Y​

  • line-height of blocks of text should be 1.5.
  • space between paragraphs should be 1.5 times the line-height (so a minimum of 2.25 rem).
  • Line height (line spacing) to at least 1.5 times the font size.
  • Spacing following paragraphs to at least 2 times the font size.
  • Letter spacing (tracking) to at least 0.12 times the font size.
  • Word spacing to at least 0.16 times the font size.

Button Accessibility​

Use <button> for clickable elements

Image Accessibility​

  • alt=""

SVG Accessibility​

  • <title>
  • <desc>
<svg width="100" height="75">
  <title>Dark rectangle</title>
  <desc>A grey rectangle with rounded corners and a dark green border</desc>
  <rect
    width="75"
    height="50"
    rx="20"
    ry="20"
    fill="#666"
    stroke="#229b23"
    stroke-fill="1"
  />
</svg>

Figure Accessibility​

<figure aria-labelledby="image-alt">
  <img src="" alt="" />
  <br />
  <figcaption id="image-alt"></figcaption>
</figure>

Audio Source Accessibility​

  • src=""
  • type=""

Form Accessibility​

With fieldset and legend:

<form role="form">
  <fieldset>
    <legend>Choose one of these three items:</legend>
    <input id="one" type="radio" name="items" value="one" />
    <label for="one">Choice One</label><br />
    <input id="two" type="radio" name="items" value="two" />
    <label for="two">Choice Two</label><br />
    <input id="three" type="radio" name="items" value="three" />
    <label for="three">Choice Three</label>
  </fieldset>
</form>

Input Accessibility​

  • label[for] input.
  • aria-label and aria-describedby for input hint.
  • aria-invalid for error input.
  • aria-hidden for hidden input.
<form role="form">
  <label for="name">Name:</label>
  <input id="name" name="name" type="text" />
</form>
<form role="form">
  <label for="name">Name:</label>
  <span class="prefix-input">
    <span class="prefix-icon" id="name-icon" aria-label="Input Prefix Icon">
      <icon />
    </span>
    <input id="name" name="name" type="text" aria-describedby="name-icon" />
  </span>
</form>
<form role="form">
  <label for="email-address"> Your Email Address </label>
  <span id="email-error">
    Error: Your email address must contain an @ symbol
  </span>
  <input
    id="email-address"
    name="email-address"
    type="email"
    aria-describedby="email-error"
    aria-invalid="true"
  />
</form>
export default function Field() {
  return (
    <>
      <div className="user-code-field">
        <input
          id="userCode"
          aria-describedby={
          errors.userCode ? 'user-code-error' : 'user-code-help'
        }
        />
        <span id="user-code-help" className="user-code-help">
          Enter your 4 digit user code
        </span>
      </div>
      {errors.userCode && (
        <div id="user-code-error" role="alert" className="error">
          You must enter your 4 character user code
        </div>
      )}
    </>
  )
}

Time Accessibility​

<time datetime="2016-09-15">Thursday, September 15<sup>th</sup></time>

Address Accessibility​

<footer>
  <section class="contact" vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="LocalBusiness">
    <h2>Contact us!</h2>
    <address property="email">
      <a href="mailto:us@example.com">us@example.com</a>
    </address>
    <address property="address" typeof="PostalAddress">
      <p property="streetAddress">123 Main St., Suite 404</p>
      <p>
        <span property="addressLocality">Your Town</span>,
        <span property="addressRegion">AK</span>,
        <span property="postalCode">12345</span>
      </p>
      <p property="addressCountry">United States of America</p>
    </address>
  </section>
</footer>

Color Contrast​

  • more than 4.5:1 ratio

Keys and Tabindex Accessibility​

<a id="second" href="" accesskey="c"></a>
document.addEventListener('keyup', (event) => {
  switch (event.keyCode) {
    // escape
    case 27:
      // exit
      break
    // enter || space bar
    case 13 || 32:
      // submit or something
      break
    // left arrow
    case 37:
      // move back / previous
      break
    // right arrow
    case 39:
      // move forward
      break
    // up arrow
    case 38:
      // move up
      break
    // down arrow
    case 40:
      // move down
      break
    default:
      throw new Error('Unsupported key!')
  }
})
/**
 * Traps the tab key inside of the context, so the user can't accidentally get
 * stuck behind it.
 *
 * Note that this does not work for VoiceOver users who are navigating with
 * the VoiceOver commands, only for default tab actions. We would need to
 * implement something like the inert attribute for that (see https://github.com/WICG/inert)
 * @param  {object} e the Event object
 */
export function trapTabKey(e, context) {
  if (e.key !== 'Tab')
    return

  const focusableItems = getFocusable(context)
  const focusedItem = document.activeElement

  const focusedItemIndex = focusableItems.indexOf(focusedItem)

  if (e.shiftKey) {
    if (focusedItemIndex === 0) {
      focusableItems[focusableItems.length - 1].focus()
      e.preventDefault()
    }
  } else {
    if (focusedItemIndex === focusableItems.length - 1) {
      focusableItems[0].focus()
      e.preventDefault()
    }
  }
}

Self-Closing Tags​

Self-closing tags (<tag />) do not exist in HTML. If a trailing / (slash) character is present in the start tag of an HTML element, HTML parsers ignore that slash character:

<div>This text is inside the div.</div>
<div />This text is inside the div.

<input />This text is outside the input.
<input>This text is outside the input.</input>

Further reading:

  • Void elements in HTML.
  • Self-closing tags in JSX.
  • Self-closing tags in Svelte.

ARIA​

Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications:

  • aria-label.
  • aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton": dropdown/form>.
  • aria-describedBy: input + small.
<label id="l1" for="f3">label text</label>
<input type="text" id="f3" aria-labelledby="l1 l2" />
<p>other content</p>
<span tabindex="-1" id="l2">more label text</span>

<div aria-describedby="test">text</div>
<div id="test" role="tooltip">tooltip text</div>

<div role="dialog" aria-label="login" aria-describedby="log1">
  <div id="log1" tabindex="-1">Provide user name and password to login.</div>
</div>
  • aria-disabled="true": disable element.
  • aria-hidden="true".
  • aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent": navigation/select.
  • aria-expanded="false": dropdown.
  • aria-haspopup="true": dropdown/popup.
  • aria-current="pages: breadcrumb.
  • aria-valuenow/aria-valuemin/aria-valuemax: progress.
  • role.
    • <header>: role="banner".
    • <nav>: role="navigation".
    • <main>: role="main".
    • <section>: role="region".
    • <article>: role="article".
    • <aside>: role="complementary".
    • <footer>: role="contentinfo".
    • <form>: role="form".
    • 7th heading level: <div role="heading" aria-level="7"></div>.
    • role="button".
    • role="checkbox".
    • role="gridcell".
    • role="link".
    • role="menuitem".
    • role="menuitemcheckbox".
    • role="menuitemradio".
    • role="option".
    • role="progressbar".
    • role="radio".
    • role="scrollbar".
    • role="searchbox".
    • role="separator (when focusable)".
    • role="slider".
    • role="spinbutton".
    • role="switch".
    • role="tab".
    • role="tabpanel".
    • role="textbox".
    • role="tooltip".
    • role="treeitem".
    • role="presentation": removes the semantics of an element. If set an interactive or focusable element to role="presentation", assistive technology user will not know what it is or how to use it.
    • role="application".
<button
  class="list-expander"
  aria-expanded="false"
  aria-controls="expandable-list-1"
>
  Expand List
</button>
<ul id="expandable-list-1">
  <li><a href="http://example.com">Sample Link</a></li>
  <li><a href="http://example.com">Sample Link 2</a></li>
  <li><a href="http://example.com">Sample Link 3</a></li>
</ul>
const listExpander = document.querySelector('.list-expander')
const list = document.querySelector('#expandable-list-1')

listExpander.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
  if (list.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true')
    list.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false')
  else
    list.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true')
})

Dialog ARIA Role​

<div id="dialog_layer" class="dialogs">
  <div
    id="dialog1"
    role="dialog"
    aria-labelledby="dialog1_label"
    aria-describedby="dialog1_desc"
    aria-modal="true"
    class="hidden"
  >
    <h2 id="dialog1_label" class="dialog_label">Address Added</h2>
    <p id="dialog1_desc" class="dialog_desc">
      The address you provided has been added to your list of delivery
      addresses. It is ready for immediate use. If you wish to remove it, you
      can do so from
      <a href="#" onclick="openDialog('dialog2', this)"> your profile. </a>
    </p>
    <div class="dialog_form_actions">
      <button type="button" id="dialog1_close_btn" onclick="closeDialog(this)">
        OK
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div
    id="dialog2"
    role="dialog"
    aria-labelledby="dialog2_label"
    aria-describedby="dialog2_desc"
    aria-modal="true"
    class="hidden"
  >
    <h2 id="dialog2_label" class="dialog_label">End of the Road!</h2>
    <p id="dialog2_desc" class="dialog_desc">
      You activated a fake link or button that goes nowhere! The link or button
      is present for demonstration purposes only.
    </p>
    <div class="dialog_form_actions">
      <button type="button" id="dialog2_close_btn" onclick="closeDialog(this)">
        Close
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

HTML First over ARIA​

<!--div role="banner"-->
<header></header>

<!--div role="navigation"-->
<nav></nav>

<!--div role="main"-->
<main></main>

<!--div role="region"-->
<section [accessible name]></section>

<!--div role="complementary"-->
<aside></aside>

<!--div role="contentinfo"-->
<footer></footer>

<!--div role="form"-->
<form></form>

<div role="search"></div>

Accessibility Best Practice​

A11y audit list:

  • Keyboard-only navigation.
  • Voice control.
  • Screen reader.
  • High contrast mode.
  • Dark mode.
  • Browser zoom.
  • Don't use aria-hidden on the <body> element.
  • Complete meta header:
    • Add missing languages.
    • Make sure document has a title element.
    • Tool: react-helmet.
  • Fix low text contrast: 确保文本与其背景保持足够的对比.
  • 不要将颜色作为传达信息的唯一手段 (色盲/弱).
  • Add missing alternative text.
  • Remove empty links and buttons.
  • 注意表单:
    • Add missing labels.
    • 提供输入焦点的视觉提示.
  • 避免组件识别障碍.
  • Make sure IDs and Keys of elements are unique.
  • Required context role.
  • Required aria attribute.
  • Valid aria attribute.

Accessibility Checklist​

Accessibility Tools​

Accessibility Reference​

  • WAI-ARIA: improve website’s accessibility with WAI-ARIA.
  • ARIA: W3C official examples.
  • WebAIM: Million project.
  • A11y community: learn about a11y.
  • Cognitive a11y resources.
  • PDF a11y guide.
  • Design system a11y [guide].